Review of Complex numbers

Rectangular Imag Exponential Form:

𝑧 
Form:
𝑧= 𝑥 +𝑖𝑦
 
r=|z|
 𝑧=𝑟 𝑒 𝑖 𝜙 =|𝑧|𝑒 𝑖 𝜙
y

f
Real
x

1
 Real & Imaginary Parts of Rectangular Form
The real and imaginary parts of a complex number Imag
in rectangular form are real numbers: 𝑧 
 𝑅𝑒 ( 𝑧 ) = 𝑥

 𝐼𝑚 ( 𝑧 ) = 𝑦 y=Im(z)

Therefore, rectangular form can be equivalently

written as: Real
 𝑥+𝑖𝑦 = 𝑅𝑒 ( 𝑧 ) +𝑖𝐼𝑚( 𝑧 ) x=Re(z)
 Geometry Relating the Forms
The real and imaginary components of exponential form can
Imag be found using trigonometry:
𝑧 

r=|z|   𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝑥  
cos 𝜙= = → 𝑥=𝑟 cos 𝜙
 
h𝑦𝑝 𝑟
f
Real
x

Imag 𝑧 

r=|z|
  𝑜𝑝𝑝 𝑦  →   𝑦=𝑟 sin 𝜙
sin 𝜙= =
y h𝑦𝑝 𝑟
f
Real
 Geometry Relating the Forms: Real & Imaginary Parts
Imag The real and imaginary parts of a complex number
𝑧
 
can be expressed as follows:
 
  r=|z|

𝐼𝑚 ( 𝑧 ) =𝑦=𝑟 sin 𝜙=|𝑧|sin𝜙

 

𝜙
 
Real
 
 Geometry Relating the Forms: Quadrants
 Inexponential form, the positive angle, , is always defined from the positive real axis. If
the complex number is not in the first quadrant, then the “triangle” has lengths which
are negative numbers.
Imag
Imag   𝑎𝑑𝑗
𝑧  cos𝜃= =¿ 𝑥∨ ¿ ¿
h𝑦𝑝 𝑟 𝑥>
r=|z| 𝑥<
  0   0
 𝑦 >0  𝑦 >0
y 𝑥=−𝑟 cos 𝜃=𝑟 cos 𝜙
 
Real
𝜃  f 𝑥<
  0 𝑥>
  0
Real  𝑦 <0  𝑦 <0
x
Geometry Relating the Forms: in terms of and
 

Imag Use Pythagorean Theorem

𝑧 
 𝑟 2=| 𝑧|2= 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2
r=|z|
y  to find in terms of and :

𝑟=|𝑧|= √ 𝑥2 + 𝑦 2
 

Real
x
Geometry Relating the Forms: in terms of and
 

Use trigonometry
hyp
opp   𝑜𝑝𝑝
tan 𝜃 =
𝑎𝑑𝑗
𝜃
 

adj  to find in terms of and

Imag
𝑧    𝑟 sin 𝜙 𝐼𝑚 (𝑧 ) 𝑦
tan 𝜙 = = =
r=|z| 𝑟 cos 𝜙 𝑅𝑒 ( 𝑧) 𝑥
y
  𝑦
f
Real
𝜙 = tan
−1
( )
𝑥
x
Summary of Algebraic Relationships between Forms
Imag
𝑧    𝑥=𝑟 cos 𝜙
r=|z|
y   𝑦=𝑟 sin 𝜙

f
Real 𝑟=|𝑧|=√ 𝑥2 + 𝑦 2
 
x

  𝑦
𝜙 = tan −1 ( )
𝑥
 Euler’s Formula
 
𝑖𝜙
𝑒 = cos 𝜙+𝑖 sin 𝜙
 Consistency argument
𝑖𝜙 𝑖𝜙
 𝑧=𝑥 +𝑖𝑦 𝑧=𝑟 𝑒 =¿ 𝑧∨𝑒
 

If these represent the same thing, then the assumed Euler relationship says:

Rectangular Form:  𝑧=𝑥 +𝑖𝑦

 ¿ 𝑟 cos 𝜙+𝑖𝑟 sin 𝜙=|𝑧|cos 𝜙+𝑖 |𝑧|sin 𝜙
 
)
𝑖𝜙 𝑖𝜙
Exponential Form: ¿ 𝑟 𝑒 =¿ 𝑧 ∨𝑒
 
 Euler’s Formula
𝑖𝜙
𝑒 = exp ⁡(𝑖 𝜙)=cos 𝜙+𝑖 sin 𝜙
 

Can be used with functions:

𝑖𝜔 0 𝑡
𝑒 =exp ⁡(𝑖 𝜔0 𝑡 )=cos 𝜔 0 𝑡 +𝑖 sin 𝜔 0 𝑡
 

11
 Addition & Subtraction of Complex Numbers
Addition and subtraction of complex Addition and subtraction are analogous to
numbers is easy in rectangular form vector addition and subtraction
 𝑧 1=𝑎+𝑖𝑏  𝑧 2=𝑐 +𝑖𝑑 𝑧 1=𝑎 𝑥^ +𝑏 ^𝑦
⃗
  𝑧 2=𝑐 ^𝑥 +𝑑 ^𝑦
⃗
 

  𝑧= 𝑧 1 + 𝑧 2=𝑎+𝑖𝑏  + 𝑐+𝑖𝑑 ⃗𝑧 = ⃗
  𝑧 1 +⃗
𝑧 2=( 𝑎+ 𝑐 ) 𝑥^ +(𝑏+ 𝑑) ^𝑦
 ¿(𝑎 +𝑐)+𝑖 (𝑏+ 𝑑)   y
Imag

𝑧 1
𝑧1
 ⃗
b
b a
a x
Real c 𝑧
 ⃗
c 𝑧2
 ⃗
𝑧 
d
d 𝑧1
 ⃗
𝑧 2
12
 Multiplication of Complex Numbers
Multiplication of complex numbers  Multiplicationby a complex number, , can be
is easy in exponential form thought of as scaling by and rotation by

 𝑧 1=𝑟 1 𝑒𝑖 𝜙  𝑧 2=𝑟 2 𝑒𝑖 𝜃
Imag

 𝑧= 𝑧 1 𝑧 2 =𝑟 1 𝑒𝑖 𝜙 𝑟 2 𝑒𝑖 𝜃  𝑧𝑟 𝑒𝑖 𝜃
  Angle rotated
 ¿ 𝑟 1 𝑟 2 𝑒 𝑖( 𝜙 +𝜃) counterclockwise by
 Magnitude scaled by 𝜃  𝑧 
𝑖(𝜙+𝜃)
¿  ¿ 𝑧 1∨¿ 𝑧 2∨𝑒 Real

13
 Division of Complex Numbers
Division of complex numbers is Division of complex numbers is
easy in exponential form sometimes easy in rectangular form
 𝑧 1=𝑟 1 𝑒𝑖 𝜙  𝑧 2=𝑟 2 𝑒𝑖 𝜃   𝑎+𝑖𝑏
𝑧=
𝑐 +𝑖𝑑
  𝑧1 𝑟 1 𝑒 𝑖𝜙
𝑧= = 𝑎+𝑖𝑏 𝑐 −𝑖𝑑
𝑧 2 𝑟 2 𝑒 𝑖𝜃    
¿ Multiply by 1 using the complex
𝑐+𝑖𝑑 𝑐 −𝑖𝑑 conjugate of the denominator
  𝑟 1 𝑖 (𝜙 −𝜃)
¿ 𝑒
𝑟2   𝑎𝑐+𝑏𝑑 +𝑖 (𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎𝑑 )
¿
¿ 𝑐 2 +𝑑 2
¿¿  𝑧1∨ 𝑖(𝜙−𝜃)
¿
¿𝑧2 ∨¿𝑒 ¿   𝑎𝑐+𝑏𝑑 (𝑏𝑐 −𝑎𝑑 )
¿ +𝑖
  𝑖(𝜙− 𝜃) 𝑐2 +𝑑 2 𝑐2 − 𝑑2
¿∨𝑧∨𝑒
 ¿ 𝑅𝑒( 𝑧 )+𝑖𝐼𝑚 ( 𝑧)
14
 Complex Conjugate
  Another important idea is the COMPLEX CONJUGATE of a complex number. To form the c.c.:
change i -i Imag
𝑧 
r=|z|
 𝑧=𝑥 +𝑖𝑦  𝑧=𝑟 𝑒 𝑖𝜙
y
 𝑧 ∗ =𝑥 −𝑖 𝑦  𝑧 ∗ =𝑟 𝑒− 𝑖 𝜙

f
Real
x
The complex conjugate is a reflection about the real axis

𝑧  ∗
 Common Operations with the Complex Conjugate
Addition of the complex number and its Imag
complex conjugate results in a real number 𝑧 
 𝑧+ 𝑧 ∗ = 𝑥 +𝑖𝑦 + 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦 r=|z|
 ¿ 2 𝑥 y

The product of a complex number and its

f
complex conjugate is REAL. Real
x   x
 𝑧 𝑧 ∗ 𝑖𝜙 −𝑖𝜙
=𝑟 𝑒 𝑟 𝑒
 ¿ 𝑟 2 𝑒𝑖 (𝜙 −𝜙)

 ¿ 𝑟 2

  𝑧∨¿2 ¿
𝑧  ∗
¿¿