Chapter 10
Inference About Means
with Two Populations
Inferences About the Difference Between
Two Population Means: s 1 and s 2 Unknown
Inferences About the Difference Between
Two Population Means: Matched Samples
Slide
1
Inferences About the Difference Between
Two Population Means: s 1 and s 2 Unknown
Hypothesis Tests About m 1 – m 2
Slide
2
Interval Estimation of 1 - 2:
s 1 and s 2 Unknown
When s 1 and s 2 are unknown, we will:
• use the sample standard deviations s1 and s2
as estimates of s 1 and s 2 , and T Table
Slide
3
Interval Estimation of 1 - 2:
s 1 and s 2 Unknown
Interval Estimate
s12 s22
x1 x2 t / 2
n1 n2
Where the degrees of freedom for ta/2 are:
2
s s
2 2
1 2
n1 n2
df 2 2
1 s1 2
1 s2
2
n1 1 n1 n2 1 n2
Slide
4
Difference Between Two Population Means:
s 1 and s 2 Unknown
Example: Specific Motors
Specific Motors of Detroit has developed a new
Automobile known as the M car. 24 M cars and 28 J
cars (from Japan) were road tested to compare miles-
per-gallon (mpg) performance. The sample statistics
are shown on the next slide.
Slide
5
Difference Between Two Population Means:
s 1 and s 2 Unknown
Example: Specific Motors
Sample #1 Sample #2
M Cars J Cars
24 cars 28 cars Sample Size
29.8 mpg 27.3 mpg Sample Mean
2.56 mpg 1.81 mpg Sample Std. Dev.
Slide
6
Interval Estimation of m 1 - m 2:
s 1 and s 2 Unknown
The degrees of freedom for ta/2 are:
2
(2.56) (1.81)
2 2
24 28
df 2 2
24.07 24
1 (2.56) 2 1 (1.81) 2
24 1 24 28 1 28
With a/2 = .05 and df = 24, ta/2 = 1.711
Slide
7
Interval Estimation of m 1 - m 2:
s 1 and s 2 Unknown
s12 s22 (2.56) 2 (1.81)2
x1 x2 t / 2 29.8 27.3 1.711
n1 n2 24 28
2.5 + 1.069 or 1.431 to 3.569 mpg
We are 90% confident that the difference between
the miles-per-gallon performances of M cars and J cars
is 1.431 to 3.569 mpg.
Slide
8
Hypothesis Tests About m 1 - m 2:
s 1 and s 2 Unknown
Hypotheses
H 0 : 1 2 D0 H 0 : 1 2 D0 H 0 : 1 2 D0
H a : 1 2 D0 H a : 1 2 D0 H a : 1 2 D0
Left-tailed Right-tailed Two-tailed
Test Statistic
( x1 x2 ) D0
t
s12 s22
n1 n2
Slide
9
Hypothesis Tests About m 1 - m 2:
s 1 and s 2 Unknown
Example: Specific Motors
Can we conclude, using a .05 level of significance,
that the miles-per-gallon (mpg) performance of M cars
is greater than the miles-per-gallon performance of J
cars?
Slide
10
Hypothesis Tests About m 1 - m 2:
s 1 and s 2 Unknown
p –Value and Critical Value Approaches
1. Develop the hypotheses.
H0: 1 - 2 < 0
Ha: 1 - 2 > 0
where:
1 = mean mpg for the population of M cars
2 = mean mpg for the population of J cars
Slide
11
Hypothesis Tests About m 1 - m 2:
s 1 and s 2 Unknown
p –Value and Critical Value Approaches
2. Specify the level of significance. a = .05
3. Compute the value of the test statistic.
( x1 x2 ) D0 (29.8 27.3) 0
t 4.003
2 2 2 2
s s (2.56) (1.81)
1
2
n1 n2 24 28
Slide
12
Hypothesis Tests About m 1 - m 2:
s 1 and s 2 Unknown
p –Value Approach
4. Compute the p –value.
The degrees of freedom for ta are:
2
(2.56) (1.81)
2 2
24 28
df 40.566 41
2 2 2 2
1 (2.56) 1 (1.81)
24 1 24 28 1 28
Because t = 4.003 > t.05 = 1.683, the p–value < .05.
In fact, the p–value < .005.
Slide
13
Hypothesis Tests About m 1 - m 2:
s 1 and s 2 Unknown
p –Value Approach
5. Determine whether to reject H0.
Because p–value < a = .05, we reject H0.
We are at least 95% confident that the miles-per-
gallon (mpg) performance of M cars is greater than
the miles-per-gallon performance of J cars?.
Slide
14
Hypothesis Tests About m 1 - m 2:
s 1 and s 2 Unknown
Critical Value Approach
4. Determine the critical value and rejection rule.
For a = .05 and df = 41, t.05 = 1.683
Reject H0 if t > 1.683
5. Determine whether to reject H0.
Because 4.003 > 1.683, we reject H0.
We are at least 95% confident that the miles-per-
gallon (mpg) performance of M cars is greater than
the miles-per-gallon performance of J cars?.
Slide
15
16, 18 page 461
Slide
16
Inferences About the Difference Between
Two Population Means: Matched Samples
With a matched-sample design each sampled item
provides a pair of data values.
This design often leads to a smaller sampling error
than the independent-sample design because
variation between sampled items is eliminated as a
source of sampling error.
Slide
17
Inferences About the Difference Between
Two Population Means: Matched Samples
Example: Express Deliveries
A Chicago-based firm has documents that must
be quickly distributed to district offices throughout
the U.S. The firm must decide between two delivery
services, UPX (United Parcel Express) and INTEX
(International Express), to transport its documents.
Slide
18
Inferences About the Difference Between
Two Population Means: Matched Samples
Example: Express Deliveries
In testing the delivery times of the two services,
the firm sent two reports to a random sample of its
district offices with one report carried by UPX and
the other report carried by INTEX. Do the data on
the next slide indicate a difference in mean delivery
times for the two services? Use a .05 level of
significance.
Slide
19
Inferences About the Difference Between
Two Population Means: Matched Samples
Delivery Time (Hours)
District Office UPX INTEX Difference
Seattle 32 25 7
Los Angeles 30 24 6
Boston 19 15 4
Cleveland 16 15 1
New York 15 13 2
Houston 18 15 3
Atlanta 14 15 -1
St. Louis 10 8 2
Milwaukee 7 9 -2
Denver 16 11 5
Slide
20
Inferences About the Difference Between
Two Population Means: Matched Samples
p –Value and Critical Value Approaches
1. Develop the hypotheses.
H0: d = 0
Ha: d
Let d = the mean of the difference values for the
two delivery services for the population
of district offices
Slide
21
Inferences About the Difference Between
Two Population Means: Matched Samples
p –Value and Critical Value Approaches
2. Specify the level of significance. a = .05
3. Compute the value of the test statistic.
di ( 7 6... 5)
d 2. 7
n 10
( di d ) 2 76.1
sd 2. 9
n 1 9
d d 2.7 0
t 2.94
sd n 2.9 10
Slide
22
Inferences About the Difference Between
Two Population Means: Matched Samples
p –Value Approach
4. Compute the p –value.
For t = 2.94 and df = 9, the p–value is between
.02 and .01. (This is a two-tailed test, so we double
the upper-tail areas of .01 and .005.)
5. Determine whether to reject H0.
Because p–value < a = .05, we reject H0.
We are at least 95% confident that there is a
difference in mean delivery times for the two
services?
Slide
23
Inferences About the Difference Between
Two Population Means: Matched Samples
Critical Value Approach
4. Determine the critical value and rejection rule.
For a = .05 and df = 9, t.025 = 2.262.
Reject H0 if t > 2.262
5. Determine whether to reject H0.
Because t = 2.94 > 2.262, we reject H0.
We are at least 95% confident that there is a
difference in mean delivery times for the two
services?
Slide
24
24, 25 , 26 page 466
Slide
25
End of Chapter 10
Part A
Slide
26