Review of

Related
Literature
 RRL
• One major activity in research that
makes you examine or study again
concepts or ideas related to your
research that people managed to publish
in books, journals, or other reading
materials in the past.
Purposes of RRL
• To find out the connection of your
research to the current conditions or
situations of the world.
• To know more about theories or concepts
underlying your research and to learn
from them with respect to your own
research study.
 Purposes of RRL
• To discover the relation of your research
with precious studies
• To obtain information on the accuracy or
relevance of your research questions
• To familiarize yourself with the technical
terms related to your research
 In-text Citation and
Referencing styles
• Citation or In-text Citation –
Referring to authors within the
main body of the paper.
• Bibliography or References –
Referring to authors at the end of
the paper.
 Two Referencing
styles
• MLA – Modern Language
Association
• APA – American
Psychological Association.
 The Modern Language
Association Citation Style
(MLA Citation)
• In-Text Citation – Author & Page No.
(Keeling 125)

Notice there is no “p” and no comma.

Example:
The struggle for identity is common during
puberty (Keeling 125).
 The Modern Language
Association Citation Style
(MLA Citation)
• In-Text Citation – Title & Page No.
Example:
Her distinctive writing style adds to her
mystique (“Plath” 19).
Often, articles, editorials, pamphlets, and
other materials have no author listed; thus,
give the first distinctive word of the title
followed by page #.
 The Modern Language
Association Citation Style
(MLA Citation)
• In-Text Citation – Page no. only
If you have already mentioned the author’s
name, put a page number only:
Example:
Keeling states that Plath’s work stands in
stark contrast to other confessional poets
(58).
 The Modern Language
Association Citation Style
(MLA Citation)
• In-Text Citation – Organization as author
Often, an organization serves as the author:
The National Council for Teachers of English state
that students bring insider knowledge of youth
culture and a passion for and investment in its
texts and practices (5).
OR
Students bring insider knowledge of youth
culture(National Council for the Teachers of
English 5).
 The Modern Language
Association Citation Style
(MLA Citation)
• Other forms of In-Text Citation –
• Two authors:
(Johnson and Rodriguez 221)
• Three or more authors:
(York et al. 75) “et al.” means “and others”
• A work with no page numbers (like a webpage):
(Miller)
*You add the full title only if it is short.
If it is a long title, you only use the first
one or two words.
 The Modern Language
Association Citation Style
(MLA Citation)
• Works Cited Entries - A
Works Cited Page is composed
of Works Cited Entries,
commonly called bibliographic
entries.
 Works Cited Entries
(MLA Citation)
• A Book with One Author
For example:
(sample)
Last, First. Book Title. City: Publisher, Year.
(example)
Gilligan, Carol. In a Different Voice.
Cambridge: Harvard Press, 1982.
 Works Cited Entries
(MLA Citation)
• A Book with Two+Authors
The basic format for a book with two authors
is nearly identical to one with one author. You
just need to add the second author’s name, but
this time the second author goes First Name
first, Last Name Last.
 Works Cited Entries
(MLA Citation)
• A Book with Two+Authors
For example:
(sample)
Last, First and First Last. Book Title. City:
Publisher, Year.
(example)
Embry, Carol and Joseph Addison. The lives
of the Eighteenth Century Satirists. London:
Penguin,1796.
 Works Cited Entries
(MLA Citation)
• A Book with an Editor (or two!)
For example:
(sample)
Last, First, ed. Book Title. City: Publisher,
Year.
(example)
Bloom, Harold, ed. Shakespeare’s Baudy.
Stratford- upon-Avon: Globe Press, 1996.
 Works Cited Entries
(MLA Citation)
• An Article from an online database magazine
For example:
(sample)
Last, First. “Article Title.” Name of Mag. Date of publication:
page numbers. Name of database. Vendor. Date Visited<site
address of database>.
(example)
Khan, John. “The Chinese Theatre.” Journal of
Drama Studies June 2003: 145-68. Proquest. Gale Learning.
2 May 2011 <[Link]>.
 Works Cited Entries
(MLA Citation)
• An Internet Site
For example:
(sample)
Last, First. “Title of page.” Title of home page. Date
written or posted (day month, year). Date visited <site
address of title page>.
(example)
Smith, Mary. “Science in America.” United States Science.
3 May 2010 <[Link]
 Works Cited (MLA
Citation)
• List only those sources that you actually used
• List the complete title of the article, essay, or
book
• Alphabetize your list by authors’ last names or
the first main word in a title
• Online sources usually follow the print format
followed by the URL <URL>. (journals,
newspapers, magazines, abstracts, books,
reviews, scholarly projects or databases, etc.)
 American Psychological
Association (APA Citation)
• Quoting Directly vs.
Paraphrasing/Summarizing
Short Quotations
If you are directly quoting from a work, you will
need to include the author, year of publication, and
the page number for the reference (preceded by "p.").
Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that
includes the author's last name followed by the
date of publication in parentheses.
 American Psychological
Association (APA Citation)
• Quoting Directly vs.
Paraphrasing/Summarizing
Short Quotations
Examples:
According to Jones (1998), "Students often had
difficulty using APA style, especially when it was
their first time" (p. 199).
Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty
using APA style" (p. 199); what implications does
this have for teachers?
 American Psychological
Association (APA Citation)
• Long Quotations
Example:
Jones's (1998) study found the following:
    Students often had difficulty using APA style,
especially when it was their first time citing sources.
This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many
students failed to purchase a style manual or to ask
their teacher for help. (p. 199)
 American Psychological
Association (APA Citation)
• Summary or Paraphrase
If you are paraphrasing an idea from another
work, you only have to make reference to the
author and year of publication in your in-text
reference, but APA guidelines encourage you
to also provide the page number (although it is
not required.)
 American Psychological
Association (APA Citation)
• Summary or Paraphrase
Example:
According to Jones (1998), APA style is a
difficult citation format for first-time
learners.

APA style is a difficult citation format for

first-time learners (Jones, 1998, p. 199).
 American Psychological
Association (APA Citation)
• Reference List – Author’s Names
Use last names, first initials with all
authors’ names in reverse order,
regardless of quantity
Last name, first initial.
Griggs, B.W., Holland, R.H., & Mills,
S.R.
 American Psychological
Association (APA Citation)
• Reference List – Books
Three main parts: Author, title, and publication
information
Book with one author
Last name, first initial. (year). Title. City of
Publication: Press.
Broadway, B. (2002). Pink houses and
family taverns. Bloomington, IN: Indiana
University Press.
 American Psychological
Association (APA Citation)
• Reference List – Books
Two to seven authors
Last name, first initial., Last Name, first
initial., & Last Name, first initial. (year).
Title. City of publication: Press.
Broadway, B., Carrol, L., Smith, T. (2007).
How the lady sings. New York: Harper.
 American Psychological
Association (APA Citation)
• Reference List – Personal or Professional
Websites
Four major parts: website name/author of website (if known),
web address.
Last name, first initial. Page of site. Retrieved web address.
Colbert, S. Home page. Retrieved from
[Link]
Title of website. (last updated date). Retrieved from web
address.
American Association for Artificial Intelligence. (2001,
March). Retrieved from [Link]