Introduction To Fourier Analysis PBL-ABE425
Introduction To Fourier Analysis
Introduction To Fourier Analysis PBL-ABE425
Contents
Introduction
Objective
The Fourier Series
Fourier Transforms
Introduction To Fourier Analysis PBL-ABE425
INTRODUCTION
Signals are functions of time. There are two ways by which we can
represent the signal.
Time Domain Frequency Domain
Signal
Representation Representation
Why Use Frequency Representations When We Can Represent
Any Signal With Time Functions?
Introduction To Fourier Analysis PBL-ABE425
Advantages of Frequency response methods
Gives a different kind of insight into a system.
It focuses on how signals of different frequencies are represented
in a signal. We think in terms of the spectrum of the signal
Most of us would rather do algebra than solve differential equations
Gives more insight into how to process a signal to remove noise
Easier to characterize the frequency content of a noise signal than
it is to give a time description of the noise.
Different treatment of different parts of the
electromagnetic spectrum means that you
can separate out different signals.
Introduction To Fourier Analysis PBL-ABE425
“So, give it a shot and try learning about frequency response
methods. They can save you time and money in the long run”
Objective
Be able to compute the frequency components
of the signal.
Be able to predict how the signal will interact
with linear systems and circuits using frequency
response methods.
Introduction To Fourier Analysis PBL-ABE425
The Fourier Series
Fourier, doing heat transfer work,
demonstrated that any periodic
signal can be viewed as a linear
composition of sine waves
“A periodic signal can always be represented as a sum of sinusoids,
This representation is now called a Fourier Series ”
Introduction To Fourier Analysis PBL-ABE425
How a signal can be built from a sum of sinusoids?
Example:-
Here is a single sine signal
The expression for this signal is
Sig(t) = 1 * sin(2пt/T)
+ (1/3)sin(6пt/T) + (1/5)sin(10пt/T)
79th 49th
Multiple
Multiple
Introduction To Fourier Analysis PBL-ABE425
In fact, the way we are building this signal we are using Fourier's results.
We know the formula for the series that converges to a square wave.
Here's the formula. For a perfectly accurate representation, let N go to infinity.
Introduction To Fourier Analysis PBL-ABE425
Introduction To Fourier Analysis PBL-ABE425
Calculating The Fourier Series Coefficients
At this point there are a few questions that we need to address.
What kind of functions can be represented using these types of series?
Actually, most periodic signals can be represented with a series composed of sines and
cosines. Even discontinuities (like in the square wave function or the saw tooth function in the
simulations).
Introduction To Fourier Analysis PBL-ABE425
Are there any practical implications to all of this?
Since functions can be thought of as being composed of sines at cosines at different frequencies,
and since various linear systems process sinusoidal signals in a way that is frequency dependent,
these two facts mean that the response of a system with a periodic input can be predicted using
frequency response methods.
Many signals are now analyzed using frequency component concepts. Special computational
techniques (particularly the FFT, or Fast Fourier Transform) have been developed to calculate
frequency components quickly for various signals. Signals that have been analyzed include sound
signals in earthquakes, bridge vibrations under dynamic load (as well as stress vibrations in many
different structures from tall buildings to aircraft vibrations) and communication signals (including
the signals themselves as well as the noise that interferes with the signals).
Sound signals in Stress vibrations in
earthquakes Bridge vibrations
buildings and aircraft
Introduction To Fourier Analysis PBL-ABE425
How do you figure out what the series is for any given function?
Periodic signal can be represented as a sum of both sines
and cosines
Also, since sines and cosines have no average term, periodic
signals that have a non-zero average can have a constant
component
This series can be used to represent many periodic functions
The coefficients, an and bn, are what you need to know to generate the signal
Introduction To Fourier Analysis PBL-ABE425
Formulas to find all the coefficients in a Fourier Series expansion:-
Introduction To Fourier Analysis PBL-ABE425
Fourier Transforms
The Fourier transform (FT) is a generalization of the Fourier series.
Instead of sines and cosines, as in a Fourier series, the Fourier transform
uses exponentials and complex numbers.
For a signal or function f(t), the Fourier transform is defined as
Inverse Fourier transform is defined as
Introduction To Fourier Analysis PBL-ABE425
Summary
In general Fourier Analysis can be used to convert the signal
domain from time to frequency
This will help us to interpret the result more quickly and
accurately, also changes the system representation to laplace
domain.