1.
Recognize that projectile motion can be analyzed by
considering the horizontal & vertical components of
the motion separately
2. Apply Kinematic equations for constant velocity to
analyze the horizontal motion of a projectile
3. Apply Kinematic equations for uniform acceleration to
analyze the vertical motion of a projectile
4. Solve a variety of problems related to projectile motion.
Review
An object in free fall will accelerate at 9.81 m/s2 .
When investigating the trajectory of a projectile we can look at
the horizontal motion and the vertical motion separately:
*In the horizontal direction, there are no external forces.
Therefore, there is no acceleration. Velocity in the horizontal
direction is constant.
*In the vertical direction, the only force acting on the projectile
is gravity. Therefore the object will accelerate at a rate of 9.81
meters per second squared downwards. The vertical velocity
vectors increase in magnitude as the projectile continues to
move along its trajectory.
Projectile is an object upon which the force of gravity is
acting.*
Generally, the projectile is an object thrown into the air:
vertically upward or downward
horizontally
or at angle to the Earth surface
Motion of a projectile,
Velocity,
Acceleration,
Displacement,
Trajectory (that is the path drawn by a moving projectile)
PROJECTILE MOTION
MOVES IN TWO DIMENSION
Having both horizontal and vertical motion
components, acted by gravity only.
y v0
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
•Motion is accelerated
•Acceleration is constant,
and downward
• a = g = -9.81m/s2
•The horizontal (x)
component of velocity is
g = -9.81m/s2 constant
•The horizontal and
vertical motions are
independent of each other,
x
but they have a common
time
ANALYSIS OF MOTION
• x-direction (horizontal): uniform motion
• y-direction (vertical): accelerated motion
• no air resistance
QUESTIONS:
• What is the trajectory?
• What is the total time of the motion?
• What is the horizontal range?
• What is the final velocity?
Equations of motion:
Frame of reference:
X Y
y
Uniform Accel. m.
v0
m.
ACCL. ax = 0 ay = ag = -9.81
h g m/s2
VELC. vx = v 0 vy = Vyo- g t
x DSPL. x = v0 t y = h + ½ g t2
0
y= Vyo t- ½ g t2
Vectors are quantities with magnitude and direction.
HORIZONTAL THROW - SUMMARY
h – initial height, v0 – initial horizontal velocity, g = -9.81m/s2
Trajectory Half -parabola, open
down
Total time Δt = √ 2h/(-g)
Horizontal Range Δx = v0x √ 2h/(-g)
Final Velocity v = √ v0x2+ 2h(-g)
A marble is thrown horizontally from a table top with a velocity
of 1.50 m/s. The marble falls 0.70 m away from the table’s edge.
[Link] high is the table?
[Link] is the marble’s velocity just before it hits the floor?
Given:
1.50 m/s2
Δx = 0.70 m
V0x = 1.50 m/s
V0y= 0
0.70 m Δ y=?
Δt = ? time in the air Given:
a.Δy = ? Δx = 0.70 m
[Link]= ? V0x = 1.50 m/s
V0y= 0
Δ y=?
Δt = ?
= Δx/v0
= 0.70 m/1.50 m/s
= 0.46666667s or 0.47s total time of marble in the
air
Given:
Δx = 0.70 m Δt = 0.47s
V0x = 1.50 m/s
V0y= 0
Δy= - ½ agt2
y = - ½ 9.8m/s2 (0.47s)2
y = - 1.08 m
y= 1.08 m below the table top/the height of the table
Vx= 1.50 m/s
h= 1.08 m t = 0.47 s
0.70 m
A pool ball leaves a 0.60m high table with
an initial horizontal velocity of 2.4 m/s.
[Link] the time required for the pool ball to fall
to the ground and
[Link] horizontal distance between the table’s edge
and the ball’s landing location.
1. A soccer ball is kicked horizontally off a 22.0 m high
hill and lands a distance of 35.0 m from the edge of
the hill. Determine the initial horizontal velocity of the
soccer ball.
2. A ball rolls off of a table with a speed of 3.2 m/s. the
table is 1.5m high.
a. When does the ball hit the ground?
b. How far away from the base of the table does the ball
travel
c. With what speed does the ball hit the floor?
1. Tommie throws a stone horizontally at 15 m/s from a
top of a cliff that is 44 m high as shown.
a) Draw a parabola to show its motion.
b) Include vx and vy velocity vectors at several locations
along the parabola.
c) What is the acceleration vector along the parabola
d) How long (t) will it take the stone to strike the ground?
e) What are the velocity vector components (vx and
vy) just before it strikes the ground?
g) How far did the rock travel horizontally before it hit
the ground?
PROJECTILES LAUNCHED AT AN ANGLE
When a projectile is launched upward at an angle, its velocity has two
components:
1. A constant horizontal velocity that moves in the same direction as the
launch, the acceleration of which is zero; and
2. An upward positive vertical velocity component that is decreasing in
magnitude until it becomes zero at the top of the trajectory (therefore it no
longer goes up any further). But because gravity makes it accelerates
downward at a rate of 9.8 m/s per second or 9.8 m/s2, (therefore it stays
at rest only for an instant) it will start to descend with an increasing
negative vertical velocity until it is stopped by something.
y
vi Initial position: x = 0, y = 0
Initial velocity: vi = vi [Θ]
viy
Velocity components:
x- direction : vix = vi cos Θ
θ y- direction : viy = vi sin Θ
x
vix
y H= vy2 / 2g
x
y H= vy2 / 2g
a =g=
- 9.81m/s2
• Motion is accelerated
• Acceleration is constant, and
downward
• a = g = -9.81m/s2
• The horizontal (x) component of
velocity is constant
• The horizontal and vertical
motions are independent of each
other, but they have a common
time
x
Equations of motion:
X Y
Uniform motion Accelerated motion
ACCELERATION ax = 0 ay = g = -9.81 m/s2
VELOCITY vx = vix= vi cos Θ vy = viy+ g t
vx = vi cos Θ vy = vi sin Θ + g t
DISPLACEMENT x = vix t = vi t cos Θ y = h + viy t + ½ g t2
x = vi t cos Θ y = vi t sin Θ + ½ g t2
TRAJECTORY
x = vi t cos Θ
Parabola, open down
y = vi t sin Θ + ½ g t2 y
Eliminate time, t
t = x/(vi cos Θ)
vi x sin gx 2
y 2
vi cos 2vi cos 2
g
y x tan x 2
2vi2 cos 2
y = bx + ax2
x
TOTAL TIME, ΔT
y = vi t sin Θ + ½ g t2
final height y = 0, after time interval Δt
0 = vi Δt sin Θ + ½ g (Δt)2
Solve for Δt:
0 = vi sin Θ + ½ g Δt x
2 vi sin Θ
Δt = t=0 Δt
(-g)
HORIZONTAL RANGE, ΔX
x = vi t cos Θ y
final y = 0, time is
the total time Δt
Δx = vi Δt cos Θ
2 vi sin Θ
Δt = x
(-g) 0
sin (2 Θ) = 2 sin Θ cos Θ
Δx
2vi 2 sin Θ cos Θ vi 2 sin (2 Θ)
Δx = Δx =
(-g) (-g)
HORIZONTAL RANGE, ΔX
vi 2 sin (2 Θ)
Δx =
(-g)
Θ (deg) sin (2 Θ) •CONCLUSIONS:
0 0.00
•Horizontal range is greatest for the
15 0.50 throw angle of 450
30 0.87
45 1.00
• Horizontal ranges are the same for
60 0.87
angles Θ and (900 – Θ)
75 0.50
90 0
TRAJECTORY AND HORIZONTAL
RANGE
g
y x tan 2 x 2
2vi cos 2
35
30 vi = 25 m/s 15 deg
25 30 deg
45 deg
20
60 deg
15
75 deg
10
0
0 20 40 60 80
•Final speed = initial speed (conservation of energy)
•Impact angle = - launch angle (symmetry of parabola)
vy = vi sin Θ + g t
y = vi t sin Θ + ½ g t2
At maximum height vy = 0
0 = vi sin Θ + g tup hmax = vi t upsin Θ + ½ g tup2
hmax = vi2 sin2 Θ/(-g) + ½ g(vi2 sin2 Θ)/g2
vi sin Θ
tup = vi2 sin2 Θ
(-g)
hmax = 2(-g)
tup = Δt/2
PROJECTILE MOTION – FINAL EQUATIONS
(0,0) – initial position, vi = vi [Θ]– initial velocity, g = -9.81m/s2
Trajectory Parabola, open down
2 vi sin Θ
Total time Δt =
(-g)
vi 2 sin (2 Θ)
Horizontal range Δx =
(-g)
vi2 sin2 Θ
Max height hmax =
2(-g)
1. the net acceleration of the ball is a constant at _______.
2. the horizontal acceleration of the ball is ________ at all times.
[Link] vertical acceleration of the ball during ascent is always
directed ____________.
[Link] vertical acceleration of the ball during descent is always
directed ____________.
[Link] net velocity of the ball is least at the _________.
[Link] net velocity of the ball is ________ nowhere.
Problem to solve:
1.A golf ball is hit with a velocity of 24.5 m/s at 350 above the
horizontal.
[Link] the range of the ball
[Link] maximum height of the ball
