Binary Arithmetic

• Binary addition
• Binary subtraction
• Binary multiplication
• Binary division

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 Complements of Binary
Numbers
• 1’s complements
• 2’s complements

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 Complements of Binary
Numbers
• 1’s complement
• Change all 1s to 0s and all 0s to 1s
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0

0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

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 Complements of Binary
Numbers
• 2’s complement
• Find 1’s complement and then add 1

1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
1

1’s complement 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
Input bits
Adder Carry
Output bits (sum) In (add 1)

2’s complement 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0
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Signed Numbers

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Topics for Signed Numbers

• Signed-magnitude form
• 1’s and 2’s complement form
• Decimal value of signed numbers
(How to convert)
• Range of values (max and min)
• Floating-point numbers

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 Signed Numbers

• Signed-magnitude form
– The sign bit is the left-most bit in a signed
binary number
– A 0 sign bit indicates a positive magnitude
– A 1 sign bit indicates a negative magnitude

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 Signed Numbers
• 1’s complement form
– A negative value is the 1’s complement of
the corresponding positive value
• 2’s complement form
– A negative value is the 2’s complement of
the corresponding positive value

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 Signed Numbers

• Decimal value of signed numbers

– Sign-magnitude
– 1’s complement
– 2’s complement

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 Signed Numbers

• Range of Values
Total combinations = 2n
2’s complement form:
– (2n – 1) to + (2n – 1 – 1)

Range for 8 bit number:

n=8
-(28-1) = -27 = -128 minimum
+(28-1) – 1 = +27 - 1 = +127 maximum
Total combination of numbers is 28 = 256.
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 Signed Numbers
Range for 16 bit number:
n = 16
-(216-1) = -215 = -32768 minimum
+(216-1) - 1 = +215 = +32767 maximum
Total combinations is 216 = 65536 (64K)
8 bit examples:
10000000 = -128

11111111 = -1
10000001 = -127
01111111 = +127 11
Arithmetic Operations with
Signed Numbers
• Addition
• Subtraction
• Multiplication
• Division

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 Arithmetic Operations with
Signed Numbers
Addition of Signed Numbers
• The parts of an addition function are:
– Augend - The first number
– Addend - The second number
– Sum - The result
Numbers are always added two at a time.

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 Arithmetic Operations with
Signed Numbers
Four conditions for adding numbers:
1. Both numbers are positive.
2. A positive number that is larger than a
negative number.
3. A negative number that is larger than
a positive number.
4. Both numbers are negative.

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 Arithmetic Operations with
Signed Numbers
Signs for Addition
• When both numbers are positive, the
sum is positive.
• When the larger number is positive and
the smaller is negative, the sum is
positive. The carry is discarded.

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 Arithmetic Operations with
Signed Numbers
Signs for Addition
• When the larger number is negative and
the smaller is positive, the sum is
negative (2’s complement form).
• When both numbers are negative, the
sum is negative (2’s complement form).
The carry bit is discarded.

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 Examples (8 bit numbers)
• Add 7 and 4 (both positive) 00000111 7
+00000100 +4
00001011 11

• Add 15 and -6 (positive > negative)

00001111 15
+11111010 + -6
Discard carry 1 00001001 9

• Add 16 and -24 (negative > positive) 00010000 16

+11101000 + -24
Sign bit is negative so negative 11111000 -8
number in 2’s complement form
• Add -5 and -9 (both negative)
11111011 -5
+11110111 + -9
Discard carry 1 11110010 -14 17
 Overflow
• Overflow occurs when number of bits in
sum exceeds number of bits in addend or
augend.
• Overflow is indicated by the wrong sign.
• Occurs only when both numbers are
positive or both numbers are negative
01111101 126
+ 00111010 + 58
_________ ____
10110111 183

Sign Incorrect
Magnitude Incorrect
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 Arithmetic Operations with
Signed Numbers
Subtraction of Signed Numbers
• The parts of a subtraction function are:
– Minuend- The first number
– Subtrahend - The second number
– Difference - The result

Subtraction is addition with the sign of the

subtrahend changed.

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 Arithmetic Operations with
Signed Numbers
Subtraction
• The sign of a positive or negative binary
number is changed by taking its 2’s
complement
• To subtract two signed numbers, take
the 2’s complement of the subtrahend
and add. Discard any final carry bit.

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 Subtraction Examples
• Find 8 minus 3. 00001000 8 Minuend
+11111101 - 3 Subtrahend
Discard carry 1 00000101 5 Difference

• Find 12 minus -9. 00001100 12

+00001001 - -9
00010101 21
• Find -25 minus 19. 11100111 -25
+11101101 - 19
Discard carry 1 11010100 -44

• Find -120 minus -30. 10001000 -120

+00011110 - -30
10100110 -90
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 Arithmetic Operations with
Signed Numbers
Multiplication of Signed Numbers
• The parts of a multiplication function are:
– Multiplicand - First number
– Multiplier - Second number
– Product - Result
Multiplication is equivalent to adding a
number to itself a number of times equal to
the multiplier.

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 Arithmetic Operations with
Signed Numbers
There are two methods for multiplication:
• Direct addition
– add multiplicand multiple times equal to the
multiplier
– Can take a long time if multiplier is large
• Partial products
– Similar to long hand multiplication

The method of partial products is the most

commonly used.
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 Arithmetic Operations with
Signed Numbers
Multiplication of Signed Numbers
• If the signs are the same, the product is
positive. (+ X + = + or - X - = +)
• If the signs are different, the product is
negative. (+ X - = - or - X + = -)

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 Multiplication Example
• Both numbers must be in uncomplemented form
• Multiply 3 by -5.
Opposite signs, so product will be negative.
310 = 000000112 00000011 Multiplicand
X 00000101 Multiplier
-510 = 111110112 00000011 First partial product
+ 0000000 Second partial product
2’s complement of -5 00000011 Sum of 1st and 2nd
+ 000011 Third partial product
00000101 00001111 Sum and Final Product

Final result is negative, so take 2’s complement.

11110001 is the result which in decimal is -15.
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 Arithmetic Operations with
Signed Numbers
Division of Signed Numbers
• The parts of a division operation are:
– Dividend
dividend
– Divisor  quotient
– Quotient
divisor

Division is equivalent to subtracting the

divisor from the dividend a number of
times equal to the quotient.

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 Arithmetic Operations with
Signed Numbers
Division of Signed Numbers
• If the signs are the same, the quotient is
positive. (+ ÷ + = + or - ÷ - = +)
• If the signs are different, the quotient is
negative. (+ ÷ - = - or - ÷ + = -)

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 Division Example
• Both numbers must be in uncomplemented form
• Divide 01100100 by 00110010.
Both numbers are positive so
quotient will be positive.
Set the quotient to zero initially. quotient: 00000000
01100100 Dividend
Subtract the divisor from the + 11001110 2’s complement of Divisor
dividend by using 2’s complement
1 00110010 First partial remainder
addition. (11001110)
Add 1 to quotient: 00000000
00110010 + 1remainder
First partial = 00000001
Ignore the carry bit.
Subtract the divisor from the + 11001110 2’s complement of Divisor
1st partial remainder using 2’s
complement addition. 1 00000000 zero remainder
Addremainder
1 to quotient: 28
00000001 + 1 = 00000010
So final quotient is 00000010 and final is 00000000
Hexadecimal Numbers

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 Hexadecimal Numbers
• Decimal, binary, and hexadecimal
numbers
• 4 bits is a nibble
• FF16 = 25510

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 Hexadecimal Numbers
• Binary-to-hexadecimal conversion
• Hexadecimal-to-decimal conversion
• Decimal-to-hexadecimal conversion

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 Hexadecimal Numbers
• Binary-to-hexadecimal conversion
1. Break the binary number into 4-bit
groups
2. Replace each group with the
hexadecimal equivalent
• Convert 1100101001010111 to Hex

C A 5 7 = CA5716
• Convert 10A416 to binary

0001 0000 1010 0100 = 0001000010100100 32

 Hexadecimal Numbers

• Hexadecimal-to-decimal conversion
1. Convert the hexadecimal to groups of 4-bit
binary
2. Convert the binary to decimal

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