Analog Performance Metrics
20 August
Scattering Matrix
[Link]
• Linear system
• N-port device
• Small signal approximation V1in
• How many ports for MWP?
V1out
Vnout
Vnin
Global Spec
Fundamentals of microwave photonics, Wiley
This material is being used for academic purposes only, and is intended only for students registered in IIT Delhi in Semester II, 2019-20, and is not intended for wider circulation.
2-port matrix
• RF photonic systems are typically 2-port systems: RF input at
Modulator and RF output at Photodetector
• This reduces the matrix to:
2 Port Network
Port 1 Port 2
V =S11 V +S12 V
out
1
in
1
in
2
Vout2=S21 Vin1+S22 Vin2
Fundamentals of microwave photonics, Wiley
This material is being used for academic purposes only, and is intended only for students registered in IIT Delhi in Semester II, 2019-20, and is not intended for wider circulation.
What do each term mean?
S21 and S11
• Matched load: no reflections
• V2in = 0
0
V 1=S11 V 1+S12 V 2
out in in
Vout2=S21 Vin1+S22 Vin2 Port 1 Port 2
=>Vout1=S11 Vin1 Vin 2 Port Network Matched
Load
S11 is reflection parameter, @ 2= terminated
=>Vout2=S21 Vin1
S21 is the transmission coefficient, @ 2= terminated Fundamentals of microwave photonics, Wiley
This material is being used for academic purposes only, and is intended only for students registered in IIT Delhi in Semester II, 2019-20, and is not intended for wider circulation.
S22 and S12
• V1in = 0
0 Port 1 Port 2
Vout1=S11 Vin1+S12 Vin2
Vout2=S21 Vin1+S22 Vin2 Matched
2 Port Network Vin
Load
Þ Vout1=S12 Vin2
S12 is the transmission coefficient from 1->2
Þ Vout2=S22 Vin2
S22 is the reflection parameter from port 2
Fundamentals of microwave photonics, Wiley
This material is being used for academic purposes only, and is intended only for students registered in IIT Delhi in Semester II, 2019-20, and is not intended for wider circulation.
Link Gain
• Vout2=S21 Vin1
• => g= Pout/Pin= |S21|2
• G= 10 log(g)
• For most RF photonic systems G<0
• Typically G=-20 dB
1 2
RF in RF out
[Link]
D. Marpaung
This material is being used for academic purposes only, and is intended only for students registered in IIT Delhi in Semester II, 2019-20, and is not intended for wider circulation.
Insertion Loss Reflections from the PD Reflections from the Modulator
Noise Floor.
Why?
Fundamentals of microwave photonics, Wiley
This material is being used for academic purposes only, and is intended only for students registered in IIT Delhi in Semester II, 2019-20, and is not intended for wider circulation.
Noise Figure
• Noise Factor: Ratio of Output noise power/unit bandwidth to the
input thermal noise power at standard (290K) temperature
• F= Nout/g*Pth
SNRi SNRo
• Noise Factor F= SNRi/SNRo . Show that this also gives the same result.
• Noise Figure= 10 log (F)= SNRi,dB – SNRo,dB
[Link]
This material is being used for academic purposes only, and is intended only for students registered in IIT Delhi in Semester II, 2019-20, and is not intended for wider circulation.
Important points to note
• Noise : PSD (dBm/Hz)
• Gain: dB
• NF>0
• G can be negative
• Thermal noise is -174 dBm/Hz
• Minimum detectable signal or sensitivity (MDS)
MDS= FkBTSB(SNRmin)
How can we increase the MDS without spending a lot of money on improving the receiver?
This material is being used for academic purposes only, and is intended only for students registered in IIT Delhi in Semester II, 2019-20, and is not intended for wider circulation.
How to measure Noise Figure
• Noise Analyzers: dedicated machines
• How to do it in practise:
• 1. Measure the noise PSD using ESA ( noise marker: Noise power in a 1 Hz
bandwidth) => Pout (dBm/Hz)
• 2 Measure the S21 using Network analyser =>G
Imex, Direct industry
This material is being used for academic purposes only, and is intended only for students registered in IIT Delhi in Semester II, 2019-20, and is not intended for wider circulation.
Dynamic Range
• Till now , assumption was that all systems are Linear.
• Yeah right!
• Almost all systems are nonlinear… lead to nonlinearities and extra
frequency creations… (similar to chi-2 and chi-3)
• 2 nonlinearites :
• Compression Dynamic Range, CDR (analogue is gain saturation in laser
systems)
• Spurious Free Dynamic Range, SFDR (analogue is nonlinear optical frequency
generation))
This material is being used for academic purposes only, and is intended only for students registered in IIT Delhi in Semester II, 2019-20, and is not intended for wider circulation.
Compression Dynamic Range (CDR)
• Deals with saturation of the output power, also loosely called linearity
Fundamentals of microwave photonics, Wiley
This material is being used for academic purposes only, and is intended only for students registered in IIT Delhi in Semester II, 2019-20, and is not intended for wider circulation.
Single-tone test
CDR[[Link]]=P1dB+1- N[dBm/Hz]
Fundamentals of microwave photonics, Wiley
This material is being used for academic purposes only, and is intended only for students registered in IIT Delhi in Semester II, 2019-20, and is not intended for wider circulation.
Spurious free dynamic range (SFDR)
• Need to think about the spurious frequencies too…SFDR
• If we want to measure the response at 2Ω and 3Ω would require a
broad bandwidth measurement system…
• Instead send two tones to look at the harmonic response
• Imagine we send 2 frequencies into the system that are closely
spaced Ω ,Ω 1 2
2-port
system
This material is being used for academic purposes only, and is intended only for students registered in IIT Delhi in Semester II, 2019-20, and is not intended for wider circulation.
Nonlinearity: two tone spectrum
Signal IMD2
f1 f2 f1+f2
HD2 HD2
2f1-f2 2f1 2f2
2f2-f1
IMD3
HD : harmonic distortion
IMD : intermodulation distortion
D. Marpaung
This material is being used for academic purposes only, and is intended only for students registered in IIT Delhi in Semester II, 2019-20, and is not intended for wider circulation.
SFDR: Definition
• Range of input powers over which spurs are lower than the noise
floor
• Carrier to Intermodulation Ratio (CIR): fundamental to spurs
Fundamentals of microwave photonics, Wiley
This material is being used for academic purposes only, and is intended only for students registered in IIT Delhi in Semester II, 2019-20, and is not intended for wider circulation.
Some definitions
• Output Intercept Point (OIPn)
OIPn
Normalised to 1 Hz Bandwidth,
Typically denoted in terms of [Link](n-1)/n
IIPn
Fundamentals of microwave photonics, Wiley
This material is being used for academic purposes only, and is intended only for students registered in IIT Delhi in Semester II, 2019-20, and is not intended for wider circulation.
How to do a 2-tone test?
• 2 signal generators
• Combined
• Calibrated powers
• Measure the Fundamentals and the IMDs
• Use Software to control powers and measurement on ESA
This material is being used for academic purposes only, and is intended only for students registered in IIT Delhi in Semester II, 2019-20, and is not intended for wider circulation.
Intercept points
Input RF power
Output power (dBm)
OIP2
OIP3 IIPn : nth –order input
intercept point
Input power
(dBm) OIPn : nth –order output
intercept point
Link gain SFDR : spurious-free
IIP3 IIP2 dynamic range
Signal Noise (1 Hz) Signal
IMD2 IMD2
IMD3 IMD3-SFDR
IMD3
IMD2-SFDR
D. Marpaung
This material is being used for academic purposes only, and is intended only for students registered in IIT Delhi in Semester II, 2019-20, and is not intended for wider circulation.
Input intercept point
• IIPn=OIPn/g
Normalised to 1 Hz Bandwidth,
Typically denoted in terms of [Link](n-1)/n