TELECOMMUNICATION
TRANSMISSION AND
SWITCHING SYSTEMS
Objectives
To equip the students with skills and knowledge of
the current and future telecommunication networks
It assumes students have a background in
Communication Systems
Computer Communication Networks
Books
Text:
Telecommunication Switching, Traffic and Networks
by J. E. Flood
Reference:
Telecommunication Switching Systems and Networks
by V. S. Bagad
Marking Scheme
75% ATTENDANCE IS MANDATORY
FOR SITTING IN THE FINAL EXAM
Course Outline
Development of Telecommunication
Telecommunication Transmission
Telecommunication Traffic
Telecommunication Switching Systems
Signaling techniques
Public Switched Data networks (PSDN)
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
Telecommunication Network
A telecommunications network
consists of
Transmission systems
Switching systems
Stations
Transmission Systems
Transmission (abbreviation: Tx):
is the process of sending and propagating an analogue or digital
information signal over a physical point-to-point or point-to-multipoint
transmission medium, either wired, optical fiber or wireless.
Transmission System:
is a system that transmits a signal from one place to another. The signal
can be an electrical, optical or radio signal.
carries messages from an originating station to one or more distant
stations.
is engineered and installed in sufficient quantity to provide a quality of
service compatible with the cost and expected benefits.
Transmission Systems
•The source may be a simple telephone microphone, keyboard
•The destination may be a simple telephone speaker, monitor
•It can be a single electrical medium, or a cascade of electrical media
Switching systems
Switching systems are an assembly of switching and
control devices provided so that any station in a
communications system may be connected as desired
with any other station.
To enable the transmission facilities to be shared, stations
are connected to and reached through switching system
nodes that are part of most telecommunications networks.
Switching Systems act under built-in control to direct
messages toward their ultimate destination or address.
High Availability Network Design
Simplified Using Virtual Switching System
[Link]
Review of Telecommunications
Development of
Telecommunications
1837: Beginning of electrical communication,
invention of Telegraph by Wheatstone and Morse
1876: Invention of Telephone by Alexander
Graham Bell
1878: Opening of the first Telephone Exchange, at
New Haven, Connecticut.
Global Telephony Trends
2008: 1.27 billion fixed line subscribers according
to ITU
At the end of 2011:
Total mobile‐cellular subscriptions reached almost 6
billion corresponding to a global penetration of 86%.
more than 1 billion mobile‐broadband subscriptions
worldwide.
590 million fixed (wired)‐broadband subscriptions
worldwide.
2.3 billion people were online.
Global ICT developments 2001-2011
Business of Telecommunication
Involves various participants. These include:
The public telecommunication Operators (PTO)
Providers of Services that involve telecommunications
Manufacturers of equipment and components
Both hardware and software
Financial investors
Governments
The users
who must pay charges to cover the cost of providing the
network so they are referred to as Subscribers or
Customers
Telephony in action
Two-way communication is required, on demand,
between any pair of stations
It must be possible for many conversations to take
place at the same time
How?
Network Structures
Ring Network N=1 Bus Network N=1
Use
r1
Use Use
r4 r2
Use
r3
Mesh Network N=1/2n(n-1) Star Network N=n Tree Network
Exchange
Solution can be provided by connecting a line from
each user’s station to the central switching
center/telephone exchange
a telephone exchange or telephone switch is a system
of electronic components that connects telephone calls
Area with a single exchange Area with several exchanges
Telecommunication networks
hierarchy
L L A National Public Switched
Telecommunication Network
L (PSTN) consists of:
L
L
Local network
T L connects customers’ station to their
L
L local exchanges.
L These are also called subscribers’
Junction circuits distribution networks, customer access
networks or the customer loop.
L L
Junction networks
interconnects a group of local
exchanges serving as area and a tandem
Junction Network or trunk exchange.
Multi exchange area. The trunk network or toll network
L= Local Exchange
which provides long-distance circuits
T=Tandem Exchange
between local areas throughout the
country.
National Telecommunication Network
Satellite Links and Submarine nodes
Cables
International Gateway Exchange International Network
(Centre de Transit3)
National Tandem Exchanges PBX
(tertiary trunk switching centres)
Trunk Network
Regional Tandem Exchanges Core Network
(Secondary trunk switching centres)
Junction Network
Local Tandem Exchanges
(Primary trunk switching centres)
Local Local Network
Exchanges
Customer Lines
Elements of a Telecommunication
Network
Transmission System
Switching System
Signaling system
Responsible for interchange of information
Which are made up by interconnecting
Customer nodes
Switching nodes
Transmission nodes
Service nodes
Network Services
Customers of a PTO may require different services
which appear to require different networks.
Examples include:
Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)
The Public Switched Telegraph Network (Telex)
Private Networks for voice and data
Radio networks providing mobile communication
Public data networks (PDN)
Special Service Networks
Network Services Continued..
Visua PD Tele PST
l x
PC N
N
Loo
Transmission Bearer Network
p
Customers are connected to transmission bearer network at their local
exchange via the local access network or local loop.
The services provided over the telecommunication network can thus be
divided into two categories:
1. Teleservices
Provision of the service depends on particular terminal apparatus
( e.g. telephone or tele-printer).
2. Bearer Services
Present the customer with transmission capacity that can be used for
any desired function (e.g. private circuits)
Terminology
North American British
Customer’s Loop Local network
Access Network
Central office Exchange
End Office Local Exchange
Class 5 Office
Inter-office Trunk Junction
Junctor Trunk
Toll Office Trunk Exchange
Toll network Trunk Network
Assignment no. 1
Write a note, with the help of diagram/s, explaining
the ISO reference model for Open System
Interconnection.