BASIC GEOGRAPHY
GEO. 1
SUMMER - A.Y. 2019-2020
LESSON1:
INTRODUCTION TO GEOGRAPHY
Recap:
1. Defined Geography
2. Tools of Geography
3. Elements of Geography
4. The Graphic Representation of the Earth
• Globe and Maps
WHAT IS
GEOGRAPHY?
TOOLS OF GEOGRAPHY
• Maps (Cartography – map-making)
• Remote Sensing
• GIS (Geographic Information Systems)
• Statistical Analysis
Six Essential Elements
of Geography?
The Graphic
Representation
of the Earth
All
about
MAPS
MAP SCALE
• The scale of a map is the ratio between the measurement of
something on the map and the corresponding measurement on Earth
• Scale is represented in 3 ways
• Verbally (one inch equals one mile)
• Graphically (----------- equals one mile)
• Representative fraction (1:63,360)
• A large scale map shows a lot of detail. A “zoomed in” image (e.g.,
1:50,000)
• A small scale map is a “far away” view of an image (e.g.,
1:500,000)
BASIC GEOGRAPHY
GEO. 1
SUMMER - A.Y. 2019-2020
LESSON 2:
THE MEANING OF THE UNIVERSE
Objectives:
At the end of the chapter
• Define the meaning of Universe;
• Discuss the essence and existence of Universe;
• Describe the solar system;
• Explain the structures of the Earth’s Surface;
• Discuss the meteorology of the Earth’s surface.
The study of the Universe is one of the oldest disciplines in Physical Science.
In philosophy, it is called “cosmology” which discussed the existence and the
essence of the Universe. Scientist have already laid the foundation of astrono-
mical sciences, from the Big Bang Theory to Quantum Physics-then, all of these
are interrelated in studying the natural phenomenon the universe.
Theori
of the
es
UNIVERSE
A SCIENTIFIC
THEORY IS AN
EXPLANATION OR
MODEL BACKED
BY RESULTS
OBTAINED FROM
MANY TESTS OR
EXPERIMENTS.
Greater telescopes and imaging technology
Why do theories change?
Scientific theories change when scientists discover new
information
New technology, new tools, and/or new observations can
provide new information.
Think back to the Theory Challenge Activity. What new
technology and/or tool was mentioned?
For centuries, there have been
a variety of theories to explain
the formation and structure
of the universe.
We will examine some of these
theories and identify the most
widely accepted theory today.
Theories of the Universe
1. BIG BANG Theory 6. Pulsating Theory
2. Planetisimal Theory 7. Steady State Theory
3. Nebular Theory 8. Biblical Basis
4. Cosmic Theory
5. Quantum Theory
Theories of the Universe
1. BIG BANG THEORY
This theory is widely accepted but it is also highly
contested. It is explained as a big ball of fire that
exploded where the fragments became galaxies,
asteroids, meteors and even planets.
Theories of the Universe
Cont. BIG BANG THEORY
The theory was popularized by Goerges Lamaistre in
1972 which can be one of the most popular theories in
Cosmological History. The concept of “ever expanding
universe” probably is probably widely accepted today.
Theories of the Universe
Cont. BIG BANG THEORY
Fred Hoyle, a British astronomer also coined the term
Big-bang in 1949 stating that a certain mass exploded
which created numerous systems, stars and planets.
Theories of the Universe
2. Planetisimal Theory
The theory exist to explain that the cosmic dust travelled
through the outer space where it collided with other dusts
which later created protoplanets or planetoids. This is
another explanation of how the Solar System exists.
Theories of the Universe
3. Nebular Theory
In this theory, there are big nebulae which collided with
another nebulae forming the stars and even the solar
system. This theory is widely accepted by astronomers
and cosmologists.
A nebula is a giant cloud of
dust and gas in space. Some
nebulae (more than one
nebula) come from the gas
and dust thrown out by the
explosion of a dying star,
such as a supernova. Other
nebulae are regions where
new stars are beginning to
form.
Theories of the Universe
4. Cosmic Theory
The theory is much related to the planetesimal theory in
the sense of the presence of cosmic dust which formed
galaxies and meteors, asteroids and even planets.
Theories of the Universe
5. Quantum Theory
The quantum theory is all about space and time. Two proponents
of this theory where Neils Bohr and Max Planck. According to
this theory motion is another form of the Universe where atoms
and sub-atomic particles travelled freely. Moreover it is
applicable to mehanics which is now being observed by most
scientists.
Theories of the Universe
6. Pulsating Theory
The ever expanding universe is described as the “continual
process of expanding universe” where the universe expanded
according to age and time. The more space and time, the more
expansion will be generated. Two proponents of this theory were
Albert Einstein and Alexander Friedman. It contradicts the
steady-state theory where space is static .
Theories of the Universe
7. Steady State Theory
This Theory is a contradiction of ever expanding universe
theory in the sense that it explains that the universe is
stagnant or fixed. Some proponents explained that it is also
associated with the ever expanding universe, so it can be
hypothetically correct.
Theories of the Universe
8. Biblical Basis The bible discusses the beginnings
of the Universe. It is said that the
beginning of the universe was
created by God when it is said that-
“In the beginning, God created the
heavens and the earth” (Genesis
1:1). It is widely accepted that God
designed the universe according to
his wisdom (Proverbs 4:7)
Theories of the Universe
8. Biblical Basis cont.
Thus the very essence of biblical basis is that – God created all and
everything is subject to his authority. Aside from the theories as
explained, the bible discussed the creation rather than the
evolution.
Theories of the Universe
1. BIG BANG Theory 6. Pulsating Theory
2. Planetisimal Theory 7. Steady State Theory
3. Nebular Theory 8. Biblical Basis
4. Cosmic Theory
5. Quantum Theory
SOLAR
SYSTEM AND
THE EARTH
STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH
BASIC GEOGRAPHY
GEO. 1
SUMMER - A.Y. 2019-2020
QUESTIONS?
Ac ti vi t y
BASIC GEOGRAPHY
GEO. 1
SUMMER - A.Y. 2019-2020
QUESTIONS?
BASIC GEOGRAPHY
GEO. 1
SUMMER - A.Y. 2019-2020