ENGLISH NOTES
PART 2 Submitted by:
Mercado, Christopher Lorence M.
Submitted to:
Ms. Presbitero, Ginalyn M.
AFRO-ASIAN LITERATURE
Chinese Literature
• one of the major cultural heritage of the world
Chinese Literature
• Confucius or Kung Fu-tze – first sage of China who wanted to make education available to all
men.
• SHIH CHING – first anthology of Chinese poetry
Five Books
1. Yiking (Book of Changes) divination
2. Liking (Book of Ceremonies) etiquette
3. Shuking (Book of Historical Documents) political ideas & fundamentals of good
government
4. Shiking (Book of Poetry) best poems
5. Chun Chiu (Spring & Autumn) history of Confucius native province
Arab and Indian Literature
Arab Literature Indian Literature
Arabia A Thousand & One Nights – – oldest scared literature is found
a collection of stories and folk tales in four VEDAS (knowledge)
compiled in Arabic. a. Rigveda – oldest – Veda of Praise
Ex.: b. Brahmanas – rituals and prayers
Aladdin c. Upanishads – discourses between
Ali Baba and Forty Thieves teachers and pupils
Sinbad the Sailor d. Puranas – history of the Aryan
Kahlil Gibran – great poet race
Mahabharata(Hindu epic)- longest poem in the world about the
bitter quarrel of two brothers
Pandu & Kuru Ramayana (Hindu epic) - depicts the duties of
relationship portraying ideal characters like the ideal servant, ideal
brother, ideal wife and ideal king.
Kalidasa – poet known for Sakuntala/greatest Sanskrit playwright
and poets
Rabindranath Tagore – best known of all recent writers in
India;Gitanjali-masterpiece
Hebrew Literature
and
Egyptian Literature
Hebrew Literature Egyptian Literature
Bible – book of all books, 39 books Old Pharaoh
Testament/ 27 books New Testament pyramids
Psalm of David –greatest lyric poem in mummies
the literature of the world
papyrus
Book of the Dead
Persian Literature
Hymns to the Sun-God
(Iran) Rubaiyat – Omar Khayyam (tent-
maker) poem of high divine and spiritual Rosetta Stone – reveals the antiquity of
meaning. Egypt Hieroglyphics – Egyptian writing
Japanese Literature
Japanese Literature
1. NOH DRAMA – dramatic dance with lyrical poetic texts and masked
actors
2. HAIKU- 7 syllable poetic form usually about nature
3. WAKA/TANKA – 31 syllable classical poetry
4. KABUKI – Japanese dance drama
5. KOJIKI (Record of Ancient Matters) –earliest surviving work in
Japan
ENGLISH/AMERICAN LITERATURE
ENGLISH/AMERICAN CHAUCER
- Canterbury Tales
LITERATURE - greatest English writer of the middle ages
Jutes, Angles, Saxons - St. Thomas a Becket
Anglo Saxon - Through Harry Bailly
– language - innkeeper
Angleland - Tabard Inn
- King Arthur & the Knights of the Round Table
– stone age people
- rise and decline of the Round Table,
BEOWULF (England)
- quest for the Holy Grail
– epic of more than 3,000 lines
ENGLISH/AMERICAN LITERATURE
William Caxton Francis Bacon
- establishment of the first printing press in - Father of English Essay Of Studies
[Link] Caxton
- Studies serve for delight, for ornament & for
ability
William Shakespeare
- greatest writer of all times
Ben Johnson
- Venus & Adonis/ Romeo and Juliet/ Hamlet/
- Song to Celia “Drink to me only with thine
Macbeth
eyes and I will pledge with mine or leave a kiss
- Sonnets but in the cup and I’ll not look for mine.”
Thomas Campion John Milton
- My Sweetest Lesbia - Paradise Lost, On His Blindness
- “Let us live & love”
ENGLISH/AMERICAN LITERATURE
Thomas Gray Alfred Lord Tennyson
- Elegy Written in Country - Break, Break, Break
Churchyard
Robert Browning
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
- Rhyme of the Ancient Mariner - Last Duchess
Percy Blysshe Shelley Elizabeth Barrett Browning
- Ode to the West Wind - How Do I Love Thee?
ENGLISH/AMERICAN LITERATURE
Matthew Arnold
- Dover Beach
Rudyard Kipling
- Mandalay/Recessional
John Masefield
- Sea Fever
David Herbert Lawrence
- Lady Chatterly’s Lover
American Literature
American Literature Washington Irving
- Legend of Sleepy Hollow
Captain John Smith (Pocahontas) - Rip Van Winkle
- Virginia Thomas Jefferson- Declaration of - Ichabod Crane
Independence of the 13th United Sates of
America
- Rose of Alhambra
Patrick Henry Edgar Allan Poe
- Give me liberty or give me death - Annabel Lee
- Tell-Tale Heart
- Father of Horror Stories - Father of Horror Stories
American Literature
Ralph Waldo Emerson Stephen Crane
- Self-Reliance - Blades of Grass
Ernest Hemingway
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
- Old Man & the Sea
- A Psalm of Life
Robert Frost
• “Tell me not in mournful numbers”
- The Road Not Taken
• “Life is but an empty dream”
William Ernest Henley
Samuel Langhorne Clemens (Mark Twain)
- Invictus Walt Whitman
- Adventures of Tom Sawyer
- O Captain, My Captain
Henry James Charles Dickens
- Tree of Knowledge - Christmas Carol
Greek Literature
Greek Literature
1. Pre Homeric and Homeric Age
2. Athenian period
- Alexander the Great
3. Period of Decline Homer
- blind poet of Greece/great epics
- Iliad & Odyssey theme
- Man’s fate is the result of his actions
Greek Literature
Mythological background of Iliad: Athena-wisdom
Achilles – greatest Greek warrior Thetis Aphrodite – most beautiful woman in
and Peleus (parents) the world
Eris – goddess of mischief Helen - married to Menelaus
Golden Apple – to the fairest of the Alexandros abducted Helen and brought
goddess Hera, Athena, Aphrodite her to Troy Trojan War – 10-year war
Iliad – violent quarrel between
claimed
Agamemnon & Achilles
Alexandros or Paris – Prince of Troy
Odyssey - return of Odysseus or Ulysses
Hera - promised power from the Trojan war
Greek Literature
Dramatist s of the Athenian Age
1. Aeschylus
- Father of Tragedy
- theological poet
- soldier playwright
- Battle of Marathon/Salamy
2. Sophocles
- Oedipus Rex/Oedipus the King
3. Euripides
– modern playwright
4. Aristophanes
- master of Greek comedy
Italian Literature
Rome Nibelungenlied
- Siegfred/epic of Germany Song of
Virgil
Roland
- greatest writer that Rome - epic of France El Cid
produced
- epic of Spain Divine Comedy
Aeneid- Aeneas (Trojan hero)
Dante
- great destiny was to be the - Father of Italian Literature
founder of Rome
- greatest literary production of
the middle ages
Greek Gods and Goddesses
Zeus – father of gods and men Hera - wife and sister of Zeus;
Hades - god of the dead and the king patroness of female life in general
of the underworld and of marriage in particular
Thetis – sea goddess, mother of Hephaestus- god of fire; divine
Achilles smith and patron of craftsmen
Poseidon - fierce god of the sea and of Athena (Pallas) – patron goddess
earthquakes of Athens, and personified
Hermes - Son of Zeus wisdom; Minerva in Roman
Maia - messenger of the gods
mythology
Greek Gods and Goddesses
Artemis - primitive earth-goddess; a Achilles – greatest and bravest warrior
virgin huntress and patroness of among the Greeks
chastity Agamemnon - legendary king of Mycenae;
Aphrodite - goddess of beauty and love; commander-in-chief of the Greek
Venus in Roman mythology expedition against Troy
Apollo - archer god, main protector of Neptune, Neptunus – Roman god of water;
the Trojans later elevated to god of the sea
after his identification with the Greek
Ceres - Roman goddess of corn; Poseidon
identified with the Greek Demeter
Vulcan – Roman god of fire and in
Ares – represented the distasteful aspects particular of furnaces; identified with the
of brutal warfare and slaughter Greek Hephaestus
FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE
- a language that uses words or expressions with a 5. Metonymy - An association wherein the name of
meaning that is different from the literal something is substituted by something that represents it.
interpretation. Example: The crown prefers taxes from the underlings to
support his expenses.
1. Simile - An indirect association and comparison
between two things. Example: She is like a flower. 6. Irony - The contrast between what was expected and
what actually happened. Examples: No smoking sign during a
2. Metaphor - A direct comparison. Example: You cigarette break. You’re so beautiful; you look like a
are the sunshine of my life. Christmas tree!
3. Personification - Giving human attributes to an 7. Hyperbole - An exaggeration Example: Cry me a river.
inanimate object (animal, idea, etc…) Example:
8. Synecdoche - An association of some important part with
The sun is looking down on me.
the whole it represents. Example: The face who launched a
4. Oxymoron - A self-contrasting statement. thousand ships.
Examples: Loud silence The sound of silence is 9. Euphemism - Creating a positive connotation out of
indeed deafening. something negative. Examples: Loved child (illegitimate child).
She’s on the streets. (meaning ‘She’s homeless”)
FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE
10. Asyndeton - Not putting any connectors (conjunctions 15. Anti-Climax – a real apparent or ludicrous decrease in
or prepositions). Examples: I came, I played, I won. The car the importance or impressiveness of what is said. Opposed
crashed, exploded, burned, melted. to climax. Example: He lost his shoelace, his house charred
11. Apostrophe - A direct address to an abstract things or to ashes, his wife even abandoned him.
a person who passed away. Example: Love, please come and
16. Anti-thesis- equating or balancing two opposing ideas.
take me!
Example: There is a time to sow and there is a time to
12. Litotese – a deliberate understatement used to affirm reap.
by negating its opposite. Example: Edgar Allan Poe is no
mean writer. 17. Parallelism or Juxtaposition- placing two comparable
13. Periphrasis- the substitution of a descriptive phrase for ideas side by side. Example: “Yea! Though I walk in the
a name or vice-versa. Example: The sleeping Giant has valley of the shadow of death, I shall fear no evil. Thy rod
broken ties with its neighbors. and thy staff thy comfort me.”
14. Climax – the arrangement of words or ideas according 18. Pun- a play on words with humorous, witty effects.
to their degree of importance; thus, the last set appears Example: House’s everything for all Filipinos.
most valuable. Example: “ I came, I saw, I conquered.”
(Julius Caesar) 19. Paradox – a seemingly, contradictory but true example.
Example: There is grief in happiness.