Engine Classification,Parts
Identification
To ..
Head:yousef alkhattam
V.H : ahmed ashraf
By:saad yasser saad
Internal combustion engines can be classified in many ways.
The most common methods used to classified engines
are :
• Cycle
• Valve location
• Cylinder arrangment
• Types of fuel used
• Cooling system
• Number of cylinder
Cycle classification
four-Stroke Two-Stroke
Cycle Engine Cycle Engine
In both engines we will talk about
an introduction
Components of engine
Engine operation
Advantages and disadvantages of engine(comparison)
Engine uses
four-Stroke Cycle Engine
A 4 stroke engine is an internal combustion engine.
It is called a 4 stroke engine because all 4 processes
i.e. intake, compression, combustion and exhaust
in 4 different strokes
Notes:
• The basic engine ,which was discussed in the
first two chapters,is a four-stroke cycle engine.
4 stroke-cycle engine operation
Intake
Compression
Combustion
exhaust
4 stroke-cycle engine uses
• All modern vehicle engines use the four-stroke cycle
engine.
p-v diagram
Two-Stroke Cycle Engine
A two-stroke engine is a type of internal combustion
engine which completes a power cycle with two strokes
(up and down movements) of the piston during only one
crankshaft revolution.
2 stroke-cycle engine operation
1. Intake
2. Compression
3. firing
4. transfer/exhaust
The two stroke cycle engine performs the intake,
compression ,firing ,and exhaust sequence in one revolution
of the crankshaft .This is done by eliminating the poppet
valves used in the four stroke cycle [Link] of the
valves ,two ports enter the cylinder wall.
advantages
2 stroke 4 stroke
Two stroke engines do not Far better fuel economy
have valves which are easy Far better emissions
to construct and lowers
Higher reliability in
their weight
Power is produced once thermally difficult
during 2 strokes of the situations
piston almost no oil
These Engines often consumption
provide high power-to-
weight ratio
disadvantages
2 stroke 4 stroke
Two stroke engines do not far more complex to
last as long as four stroke manufacture
engines worse weight to power ratio
Two stroke oil is expensive less smooth operation,
Two stroke engines are because each cylinder fires
Less Efficient only every second
Two stroke engines revolution
requires frequent oil
produce a lot of pollution
changes
Any questions?
Valve Location Classification
Engines are also clasified according to valve location
The various valve arrangments are known as the
• L-HEAD
• T-HEAD
• F-HEAD
• I-HEAD
• Has both valves in the block and on the same side
L-HEAD
of cylinder
• The line drawn through the cylinder and across to
the valves will product the letter (L).
• Both valves are in the block and on oppositr
T-HEAD
sides of cylinder.
F-HEAD • Places one valve in the head and one in the
block.
I-HEAD • Both valves are located in the cylinder head
T-HEAD
T-head flathead engines have a crossflow layout, with the exhaust valves on
the opposite side from the inlet valves. A single-cylinder T-head engine
needs only a single camshaft, multi-cylinder T-heads need two.
F-HEAD
The F-head can be thought of as a
:combination of L-head and I-head
the intake manifold and its valves are
located a top the cylinders (in the
cylinder head, as in an I-head design)
and are operated by pushrods, but
the exhaust manifold and its valves
are located beside the cylinders (in
.the block, as in an L-head design)
I-HEAD
OR
OVERHEAD VALVE ENGINE
In the I-head engine, both valves are located in the cylinder head
Arranged in
Straight
staggered
line
Overhead
camshaft I-head
Some I-head
engines mount the
camshaft in the
head. Either one or
two shafts can be
used. When an
overhead camshaft
is used, pushrods
are not required.
Valve-to-Piston Clearanc
DETONATION
AND PRE-IGNIATION
DETONATION PRE-IGNIATION
Detonation occurs when Pr-eignition is the
the fuel/air mixture is uncontrolled igniting of
subject to very high the fuel/air mixture
temperatures in the before the spark plug
cylinder and fires
spontaneously combusts
Combustion chamber design
HEMISPHERICAL
RICARDO WEDGE
COMBUSTION
COMBUSTION COMBUSTION
CHAMBER
CHAMBER CHAMBER
Cylinder Classification
Cylinder placement gives rise to one of the most
common methods of engine classification.
Horizontally
Inline V-Type
Opposed
Engine Engine
Engines
Firing order
Firing order refers to the sequence in which the
cylinders fire. Firing orders are given in order from the
front of the engine to the rear. The order in which the
engine misfire is determined by the number of cylinders
and the arrangement of the crankshaft throws
Cooling system
• Air cooling system • Liquid cooling system
Fuel Classification
• Gasolin • LNG • Biodiesel
• Diesel fule • CNG • Natural gas
• Gasohol • LPG • Gas natural
GASOLIN
Powers the majority of veicles.
Diesel fule
Powers some vehicle.
LNG
liquefied natural gas.
CNG
compressed natural gas.
LPG
liqefied propane gas.
Biodiesel
made from plants and animal fats.
natural gas
some vehicle operate on it.
method of fuel delivery
Ulitize the same basic type of engine
Gasolin
LNG
CNG
LPG
Ulitize a slightly different fuel delivery setup
LNG
CNG
LPG
NOTE:
Diesel engines dont use an ignition system
Engine Mounting
• This helps isolate engine vibrations from the vehicle body
• It also eases torque
• Are used to support the engine and to minimize torque
deflections.
Any question?