LINEAR INTEGRATED
Filters
Ideal Filter Responses
CIRCUITS
19ECE46
Passive Filters and Active Filters
Active Filters
LOW PASS FILTER
HIGH PASS FILTER
BAND PASS FILTER
BAND STOP FILTER
RAJESH G
Sr. Asst. Prof/ECE
Introduction
Filters are circuits that are capable of passing signals
within a band of frequencies while rejecting or blocking
signals of frequencies outside this band. This property of filters is
also called “frequency selectivity”.
Filter can be passive or active filter.
Passive filters: The circuits built using RC, RL, or RLC
circuits.
Active filters : The circuits that employ one or more
op-amps in the design an addition to
resistors and capacitors
Types of Filters
There are two broad categories of filters:
•
– An analog filter processes continuous-time signals
– A digital filter processes discrete-time signals.
• The analog or digital filters can be sub divided
into four categories:
– Low pass Filters
– High pass Filters
– Band stop Filters
– Band pass Filters
Analog Filter Responses
H(f) H(f)
0 f 0 f
fc fc
Ideal “brick wall” filter Practical filter
Ideal Filters
Lowpass Filter Highpass Filter
M( )
Passband Stopband Stopband Passband
c c
Bandstop Filter Bandpass Filter
M( )
Passband Stopband Passband Stopband Passband Stopband
c1 c2 c1 c2
Passive Filters
• Made up of passive components - resistors, capacitors and
inductors
• No amplifying elements (transistors, op-amps, etc)
• No signal gain
• 1st order - design is simple (just use standard to
equations find resonant frequency of the circuit)
• 2n order - complex equations
• dRequire no power supplies
• Buffer amplifiers might be required
●
Desirable to use inductors with high quality factors
Inductor - BIG PROBLEM!
• Physical size, and large inductance values are required.
• Tuning inductors to the required values is time-consuming
and expensive for larger quantities of filters.
• Often prohibitively expensive.
●
Difficult to implement at frequencies below 1 kHz.
● Lossy
Active Filter
• No inductors
• Made up of op-amps, resistors and capacitors
• Provides arbitrary gain
• Generally easier to design
• High input impedance prevents excessive loading of the driving
source
• Low output impedance prevents the filter from being affected
by the load
• Easy to adjust over a wide frequency range without altering the
desired response
Op Amp Advantages
• Advantages of active RC filters
include:
– Reduced size and weight
– Increased reliability and improved performance
– Simpler design than for passive filters and can a
realize
wider range of functions as well as providing voltage gain
– In large quantities, the cost of an IC is less than its passive
counterpart
Op Amp Disadvantages
• Active RC filters also have some disadvantages:
– limited bandwidth of active devices limits the highest
attainable pole frequency and therefore applications nearby
100 kHz (passive RLC filters can be used up to 500 MHz)
– require power supplies (unlike passive filters)
– increased sensitivity to variations in circuit parameters
caused by environmental changes compared to passive
filters.
• For many applications, particularly in voice and data
communications, the economic and performance advantages of
active RC filters far outweigh their disadvantages.
Categories of Filters
Low Pass Filters: High Pass Filters:
Pass all frequencies from dc Pass all frequencies that are
up to the upper cutoff above its lower cutoff
frequency. frequency
A Av(
v( dB
dB )
{
)
-
3d
{ -
3d
B
B
f
f f1
f
Low-pass response High-pass response
Categories of Filters
Band Pass Filters: Band Stop (Notch) Filters:
Pass only the frequencies Eliminate all signals within
that fall between its values the stop band while passing
of the lower and upper all frequencies outside this
cutoff frequencies. band.
Av(
Av( dB
dB )
{
)
-
3d
{ -
3d
B
B
f f
f f f f
1 2 1 2
Band Pass Response Band Stop Response
Filter Response Characteristics
Av
Butterworth
Bessel
Chebyshev
f
ACTIVE LOW PASS FILTER
Passive filter
ACTIVE LOW PASS FILTER
Passive filter and its frequency response
ACTIVE LOW PASS FILTER
Passive filter and its frequency response
ACTIVE LOW PASS FILTER
This first-order low pass active filter, consists simply of a passive RC filter stage providing a low
frequency path to the input of a non-inverting operational amplifier. The amplifier is configured
as a voltage-follower (Buffer) giving it a DC gain of one, Av = +1 or unity gain as opposed to the
previous passive RC filter which has a DC gain of less than unity.
The advantage of this configuration is that the op-amps high input impedance prevents
excessive loading on the filters output while its low output impedance prevents the filters cut-
off frequency point from being affected by changes in the impedance of the load.
While this configuration provides good stability to the filter, its main disadvantage is that it
has no voltage gain above one. However, although the voltage gain is unity the power gain is
very high as its output impedance is much lower than its input impedance. If a voltage gain
greater than one is required we can use the following filter circuit.
ACTIVE LOW PASS FILTER
Active First order Low Pass Filter with Amplification
ACTIVE LOW PASS FILTER
Active First order Low Pass Filter
ACTIVE LOW PASS FILTER
Analysis
ACTIVE LOW PASS FILTER
6/21/20
ACTIVE LOW PASS FILTER
Active second order Low Pass Filter
ACTIVE LOW PASS FILTER
Active second order Low Pass Filter
The main feature of the 2nd order LPF is, the frequency response falls
at the rate of 40dB/Decade above the cutoff frequency.
ACTIVE LOW PASS FILTER
Active second order Low Pass Filter
•At lower frequencies C1 and C2 are more
so, no effect on the circuit operation.
V0 = Vi , Av = 1.
•At higher frequencies ,
• C1 & R2 causes the o/p to fall of
@ 20dB/D as the frequency
increases.
• Phase lag produced by R2 & C1
and Phase lead is produced by
combined C2 and [R1 + R2] .
• The result of these phase differences
is that the feedback via C2 produces
further fall of 20dB/D.
• Thus total roll off rate is 40db/D
ACTIVE LOW PASS FILTER
Design Procedure of 2nd Low Pass Filter
•Rmax = R1 + R2 =
•R1 = R2 and R3 = R1 + R2
•C2 = 2*C1 @ fh and
Design of 2nd order LPF with a cutoff frequency of 100Hz.
Draw the circuit diagram.
ACTIVE HIGH PASS FILTER
1ST order HPF
ACTIVE HIGH PASS FILTER
ACTIVE HIGH PASS FILTER
ACTIVE HIGH PASS FILTER
Design 1st order HPF for the cutoff frequency
[Link] the Circuit diagram.
ACTIVE HIGH PASS FILTER
2nd order HPF
ACTIVE HIGH PASS FILTER
•At higher frequencies C1 and C2 are
more so, no effect on the circuit
operation.
C1 & C2 << R1 & R2 , so
V0 = Vi , Av = 1.
•At lower frequencies ,
• C2 & R2 causes the o/p to fall of
@ 20dB/D as the frequency
increases.
• Phase lead produced by R2 & C2
and Phase lag is produced by
combined R2 and [C1 + C2 ] .
• The result of these phase
differences is that the feedback
via R2 produces further fall of
20dB/D.
• Thus total roll off rate is 40db/D
ACTIVE HIGH PASS FILTER
Design 2nd order HPF for the cutoff frequency
[Link] the Circuit diagram.
The “Q” or Quality Factor
In a Band Pass
Filter circuit, the overall
width of the actual pass band
between the upper and lower
-3dB corner points of the
filter determines the Quality
Factor or Q-point of the
circuit. This Q Factor is a
measure of how “Selective”
or “Un-selective” the band
pass filter is towards a given
spread of frequencies. The
lower the value of the Q
factor the wider is the
bandwidth of the filter and
consequently the higher the
Q factor the narrower and
more “selective” is the filter.