Scribd
Upload
36 views36 pages

Maxwell's Equations in Varying Fields

1) This chapter examines Faraday's and Ampère's laws for time-varying electromagnetic fields. Faraday's law describes how a time-varying magnetic flux induces an electromotive force (EMF). Three types of EMF are discussed: stationary loops in time-varying magnetic fields, motional EMF from charges moving in magnetic fields, and EMF from rotating loops. 2) Ampère's law relates magnetic fields to electric currents and displacement currents. Displacement current represents a changing electric field and must be included for Maxwell's equations to be valid. Boundary conditions for currents and charges are also derived. 3) Static and dynamic electromagnetic potentials are examined. For time-harmonic fields,

Uploaded by

Ashraf Yusof
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
36 views36 pages

Maxwell's Equations in Varying Fields

1) This chapter examines Faraday's and Ampère's laws for time-varying electromagnetic fields. Faraday's law describes how a time-varying magnetic flux induces an electromotive force (EMF). Three types of EMF are discussed: stationary loops in time-varying magnetic fields, motional EMF from charges moving in magnetic fields, and EMF from rotating loops. 2) Ampère's law relates magnetic fields to electric currents and displacement currents. Displacement current represents a changing electric field and must be included for Maxwell's equations to be valid. Boundary conditions for currents and charges are also derived. 3) Static and dynamic electromagnetic potentials are examined. For time-harmonic fields,

Uploaded by

Ashraf Yusof
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

6.

MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS IN TIME-VARYING


FIELDS
Applied EM by Ulaby, Michielssen and
Chapter 6 Overview
Maxwell’s Equations

In this chapter, we will examine Faraday’s and Ampère’s laws


Faraday’s Law

Electromotive force (voltage) induced by


time-varying magnetic flux:
Three types of EMF
Stationary Loop in
Time-Varying B
cont.
Example 6-1 Solution
Ideal Transformer
Motional EMF
Magnetic force on charge q moving
with velocity u in a magnetic field B:

This magnetic force is equivalent to the


electrical force that would be exerted on
the particle by the electric field Em given
by

This, in turn, induces a voltage


difference between ends 1 and 2,
with end 2 being at the higher
potential. The induced voltage is
called a motional emf
Motional EMF
Example 6-3: Sliding
Bar

Note that B increases with x

The length of the loop is


related to u by x0 = ut. Hence
EM Motor/ Generator Reciprocity

Motor: Electrical to mechanical Generator: Mechanical to


energy conversion electrical energy conversion
EM Generator EMF
As the loop rotates with an angular velocity
ω about its own axis, segment 1–2 moves
with velocity u given by

Also:

Segment 3-4 moves with velocity –u. Hence:


Tech Brief 12: EMF Sensors

• Piezoelectric crystals generate a voltage across them proportional to


the compression or tensile (stretching) force applied across them.

• Piezoelectric transducers are used in medical ultrasound,


microphones, loudspeakers, accelerometers, etc.

• Piezoelectric crystals are bidirectional: pressure generates emf, and


conversely, emf generates pressure (through shape distortion).
Faraday Accelerometer

The acceleration a is determined by


differentiating the velocity u with respect to time
The Thermocouple

• The thermocouple measures the unknown temperature T2 at a junction


connecting two metals with different thermal conductivities, relative to a
reference temperature T1.
• In today’s temperature sensor designs, an artificial cold junction is used
instead. The artificial junction is an electric circuit that generates a voltage
equal to that expected from a reference junction at temperature T1.
Displacement Current

This term This term must


is represent a
conduction current Application of Stokes’s theorem gives:
current IC

Cont.
Displacement Current

Define the displacement current as:


The displacement current does not
involve real charges;
it is an equivalent current that
depends on
Capacitor Circuit
Given: Wires are perfect
conductors and capacitor
insulator material is perfect For Surface S2:
dielectric. I2 = I2c + I2d
For Surface S1: I2c = 0 (perfect dielectric)

I1 = I1c + I1d

(D = 0 in perfect conductor)

Conclusion: I1 = I2
Boundary Conditions
Charge Current Continuity
Equation
Current I out of a volume is equal to rate of
decrease of charge Q contained in that volume:

Used Divergence Theorem


Charge Dissipation
Question 1: What happens if you place a certain amount of free charge inside of a material?
Answer: The charge will move to the surface of the material, thereby returning its interior to a
neutral state.

Question 2: How fast will this happen?


Answer: It depends on the material; in a good conductor, the charge dissipates in less than a
femtosecond, whereas in a good dielectric, the process may take several hours.

Derivation of charge density equation:

Cont.
Solution of Charge Dissipation
Equation

For copper:

For mica: = 15 hours


EM Potentials
Static condition

Dynamic condition

Dynamic condition with propagation delay: Similarly, for the magnetic vector potential:
Time Harmonic Potentials
If charges and currents vary sinusoidally with time:
Also:

we can use phasor notation:

with Maxwell’s equations become:

Expressions for potentials become:


Cont.
Cont.
Example 6-8 cont.

Cont.
Example 6-8 cont.
Summary

You might also like