CONTROL
STATEMENTS
Ritu Raj
Shreya Chakraborty
control statements
A program consists of a number of
statements which are usually executed
in sequence. Programs can be much
more powerful if we can control the
order in which statements are run.
sequence construct
selection construct
iteration construct
jump statements
Classification of control
statements
sequence construct
Statements are executed sequentially
Represents the default flow of statement
sequence construct flow chart
Statement 1
Statement 2
Statement 3
selection construct
Also known as decision construct
Helps in making decision about which set –
of – statements is to be executed
Execution of statements depends upon
a condition – test
Types of selection statements
if statement
if – else statement
switch
selection construct flow chart
One course of action
Condition True
?
Statement 1 Statement 2
False
Statement 1
Another
course
of
action
Statement 2
iteration construct
Also known as looping construct
a set – of – statements is repeated again
and again till the time a condition is true
Repetition of a set – of – statements
depends upon a condition – test
Types of iteration statements
for loop
while loop
do – while loop
iteration construct flow chart
Condition False
?
The exit condition
True
Statement 1
The loop body
Statement 2
jump statements
Unconditionally transfers program
control within a function.
Control statements that perform
unconditional branch are:
the goto statement used anywhere
the return statement in the program
the break statement used inside
the continue statement smallest enclosing
like loops
Types of Control Statements
The Decision Control Structure
if statement
If - else statement
The Loop Control Structure
while loop
do – while loop
for loop
The Case Control Structure
switch
if statement
if - else statement
conditional operators
The Decision Control
Structure
if statement
This is used to decide whether to do
something at a special point, or to
decide between two courses of action
It tests a particular condition
if statement flow chart
Test False
expression
?
True
Body of if
the if statement
Syntax
if (expression)
statement;
Example
int num;
printf(“\n Enter a number less than
10”);
scanf(“%d”,&num);
if (num>=10)
printf(“\n WRONG ENTRY!!”);
nested if statement
It is an if that has another if in its if’s
body or in its else’s body
The nested if’s must terminate before an
outer if
nested if statement
Example
Syntax int i,j;
if (expression 1) printf(“\n Enter two numbers”);
scanf(“%d%d”,&i,&j);
{
if(i==1)
if (expression 2) {
statement 1; if(j==0)
[ else printf(“\n you would go to
heaven”);
statement 2;] else
} printf(“\n hell was created with you in
else mind”);
}
body – of – else else
printf(“”\n how about mother
earth?!);
if - else statement
Sometimes we wish to make a multi-way
decision based on several conditions.
The most general way of doing this is by
using the else if variant on the if
statement.
It tests an expression and depending
upon its truth value one of the two sets-
of action is executed
if-else statement flow chart
false
Test
expression Body of else
?
true
Body of if
the if – else statement
Example
Syntax float bs, gs, da, hra;
if(expression) printf(“\n Enter basic
salary”);
statement 1;
scanf(“%d”,&bs);
else if(bs<1500)
statement 2; {
hra=bs*10/100;
da=bs*90/100;
}
else
{
hra=500;
da=bs*98/100;
}
conditional operators
The conditional operators are ? and :
These are sometimes called ternary
operators
They form a foreshortened if-then-else
These offer more concise, clean and
compact code.
conditional operators
Syntax
(expression 1? expression 2: expression 3);
Example Its equivalent if
statement would be:
int x,y;
scanf(“%d”,&x); if(x>5)
y=3;
y=(x>5?3:4); else
y=4;
while loop
do – while loop
for loop
The Loop Control Structure
while loop
The while loop keeps repeating an
action until an associated test returns
false.
This is useful where the programmer
does not know in advance how many
times the loop will be traversed.
while-loop flow chart
false
Test exit
expression
true
Body of the loop
the while loop
Example
int p,n,count;
float r,si;
Syntax count=1;
while (expression)
while(count<=3)
loop body; {
printf(“\n Enter values of p,n and r”);
scanf(“%d%d%f”,&p,&n,&r);
si=p*n*r/100;
printf(“\n Simple Interest=Rs.%f”,si);
count=count+1;
}
do – while loop
The do while loops is similar, but the test
occurs after the loop body is executed.
This ensures that the loop body is run
at least once.
do-while loop flow chart
do
Body of the loop
test false
exit
expression
true
the do – while loop
Syntax
do
{ Example
statement; do
} {
while (test – expression); printf(“\n Hello there!”);
}
while ( 4<1);
for loop
The for loop is frequently used, usually
where the loop will be traversed a fixed
number of times.
It is very flexible.
for-loop flow chart
Initialization expression (s)
Test false
expression
exit
true
Body of the loop
Update expression (s)
the for loop
Syntax
for(initialization;test;update)
body – of – the – loop;
Example
int p,n,count;
float r,si;
for(count=1,count<=3;count=count+1)
{
printf(“\n Enter values of p,n and r”);
scanf(“%d%d%f”,&p,&n,&r);
si=p*n*r/100;
printf(“\n Simple Interest=Rs.%f”,si);
}
switch statement
The Case Control Structure
switch
This is another form of the multi way
decision
It is well structured, but can only be
used in certain cases where
Only one variable is tested
The variable must be an integral type. (int,
long, short or char).
switch statement flow chart
Start
yes
Case 1 Statement 1
no
yes
Case 2 Statement 2
no
yes
Case 3 Statement 3
no
Exit
the switch statement
Syntax Example
switch(expression) int x;
printf("\n ENTER CHOICE::");
{ scanf("%d",&x);
case constant1:statement1; switch(x)
{
break;
case 1:
case constant2:statement2; printf("\n DIAMOND");
break; break;
case 2:
case constant(n-1):statement (n-1); printf("\n SPADE");
break; break;
case 3:
[default: statement n];
printf("\n HEART");
} break;
default:
printf("\n ERROR WRONG CHOICE!");
}
goto statement
return statement
break statement
continue statement
Jump Statements
the goto statement
transfers the program control anywhere
in the program
the target destination of a goto
statement is marked by a label
the target label and goto must appear in
the same function
the goto statement
Example
Syntax int goals;
goto label: printf(“\n Enter the number of
…….. goals”);
…….. scanf(“%d”,&goals);
label: if(goals<=5)
goto sos:
……..
else
printf(“\n about time soccer players
learnt C”);
sos:
printf(“\n to learn is human!”);
the return statement
used to return value (s) from a function
to the main program
used in functions with a return type
the return statement
Syntax
test expression;
………… Example
………. fun()
return 0; {
or char ch;
printf(“\n Enter any alphabet”) ;
return (variable);
scanf(“%c”,&ch);
if(ch>=65 && ch<=90)
return (ch);
else
return (ch+32);
}
the break statement
It is used to exit from a loop or a switch,
control passing to the first statement
beyond the loop or a switch.
It enables a program to skip over part of
the code
It terminates the smallest enclosing
while, do-while, for or switch statements
the break statement
Example
Syntax while (i<=num-1)
test expression {
{ if(num%i==0)
statement 1; {
condition printf(“\n not a prime
number”);
break;
break;
…….
}
statement 2;
i++;
}
}
statement 3; if(i==num)
printf(“\n prime number”) ;
the continue statement
It only works within loops where its
effect is to force an immediate jump to
the loop control statement.
It abandons the current iteration of the of
the loop by skipping over the loop body
It immediately transfers control to the
evaluation of the test-expression
the continue statement
Syntax
for (initialization;expression;update) Example
{ for( i=1;i<=2;i++)
statement 1; {
condition for(j=1;j<=2;j++)
continue; {
statement 2; if( i==j)
} continue;
Statement 3; printf(“\n %d%d”,i,j);
}
}
• Let Us C Yashavant P. Kanetkar
•Programing In ANSI C E. Balaguruswamy
• Computer Science with C++ Sumita Arora
•Computer Fundamentals & Programming in C S. K. Jha
BIBLIOGRAPHY
that was all about control statements…..
Thank You.