Lo sviluppo della Drosophila
Lo sviluppo della Drosophila
Comparison of larval and adult
segmentation in Drosophila.
The three thoracic segments can be distinguished by their
appendages:
T1 (prothorax) has legs only;
T2 (mesothorax) has wings and legs;
T3 (metathorax) has halteres and legs.
Oogenesi in Drosophila.
Ovariolo tubulare contenente
oogoni.
Lungo l’ovariolo sono visibili
oociti di progressive
dimensioni e grado di
maturazione.
Oogenesi
The oocyte is derived from a germ cell that divides four times to give a family of
16 cells that remain in communication with one another via cytoplasmic
bridges. One member of the family group becomes the oocyte, while the
others become nurse cells, which make many of the components required by
the oocyte and pass them into it via the cytoplasmic bridges.
Un oocita di Drosophila nel suo
follicolo.
Cellule Nutrici-
producono molte delle
molecole necessarie
all’oocita
Cellule Follicolari-
circondano
completamente l’oocita,
sono la sorgente di
segnali dorsali e ventrali
che polarizzano l’uovo
Gradient of Bicoid protein in the early Drosophila embryo.
(A)bicoid mRNA passing into the oocyte from the nurse cells
during oogenesis.
(B) Localization of bicoid mRNA to thanterior tip of the embryo .
The Drosophila ovary is composed of
both somatic follicle cells and
germ line nurse cells and oocyte
Nurse cells
oocyte
Somatic follicle cells
Nurse cells synthesize macromolecules
and pump them into the oocyte
through the cytoplasmic bridges
oocyte
Molecules synthesized by the nurse cells and
specifically localized in the oocyte determine
the anterior/posterior axis of the embryo
Oocyte
Anterior Posterior
Determinant Determinant
(bicoid) (nanos)
Brain
Regolazione ormonale
della sintesi di proteine
Brain Hormone
del tuorlo in Drosophila
Corpora Allata
Juvenile Hormone
Abdominal
ecdysone-producing Ovary
cells
Ecdysteroids
Yolk Proteins
Fat Body
Segmentazione Superficiale in Drosophila
The early divisions occur centrally. The numbers refer to the cell cycle. At the tenth cell
cycle (512-nucleus stage 2 hours after fertilization), the pole cells form in the posterior, and
the nuclei and their cytoplasmic islands migrate to the periphery of the cell. This creates the
syncytial blastoderm. After cycle 13, the oocyte membranes ingress between the nuclei to
form the cellular blastoderm.
1
2
Formation of the cellular blastoderm in
Drosophila.
Developmental series showing the progressive cellularization.
3
4
Formazione del blastoderma sinciziale
Cellule Polari
Fate map of a Drosophila embryo at the
cellular blastoderm stage.
The embryo is shown in side view and in cross-section, displaying the relationship between the
dorsoventral subdivision into future major tissue types and the anteroposterior pattern of future
segments. A heavy line encloses the region that will form segmental structures. During
gastrulation the cells along the ventral midline invaginate to form mesoderm, while the cells
fated to form the gut invaginate near each end of the embryo. Thus, with respect to their role in
gut formation, the opposite ends of the embryo, although far apart in space, are close in function
and in final fate.
5 Fate map of a Drosophila embryo at the
cellular blastoderm stage.
Schematic representation of
gastrulation in Drosophila.
(A) and (B) are surface and cut-away views
showing the fates of the tissues immediately prior
to gastrulation.
(C) shows the beginning of gastrulation as the
ventral mesoderm invaginates into the embryo.
(D) and (E) shows gastrulation.
In (E) the neuroectoderm is largely differentiated
into the nervous system and the epidermis.
Migration of germ cells in Drosophila
embryos. The left column shows the germ
plasm as stained by antibodies against
Vasa, a protein component of the germ
plasm
Origine dei segmenti del corpo di
Drosophila durante lo sviluppo embrionale
Origine del mesoderma
6
Invaginazione del Mesoderma
7
Invaginazione del Mesoderma
8
Invaginazione del Mesoderma
Gastrulazione
(A) Ventral furrow beginning to
form.
(B) Closing of ventral furrow.
(C) Dorsal view showing the pole
cells and posterior endoderm
sinking into the embryo.
(D) Diagram of the dorsolateral
view of Drosophila embryo at
fullest germ band extension,
just prior to segmentation. The
cephalic furrow separates the
future head region from the
germ band that will form the
thorax and abdomen.
(E) Lateral view, showing fullest
extension of germ band and the
beginnings of segmentation.
(F) Germ band reversing direction.
(G) Newly hatched first-instar
larva.
Lo sviluppo della Drosophila
Stage 3-17
[Link]/[Link]