What Is Mobile Computing?

 What is computing?
Operation of computers
(according to oxfords advance learner’s dictionary)

 What is the mobile?

That someone /something can move or be moved easily and
quickly from place to place

 What is mobile computing?

Users with portable computers still have
network connections while they move

2
 What Is Mobile Computing?
 A simple definition could be:
Mobile Computing is using a computer (of one kind or
another) while on the move

 Another definition could be:

Mobile Computing is when a (work) process is moved from
a normal fixed position to a more dynamic position.

 A third definition could be:

Mobile Computing is when a work process is carried out
somewhere where it was not previously possible.

3
 What Is Mobile Computing? (Cont.)
 Mobile Computing is an umbrella term used to
describe technologies that enable people to access
network services anyplace, anytime, and
anywhere.

 Mobile computing can be defined as a computing

environment over physical mobility.

4
 Comparison to Wired Net

 Wired Networks  Mobile Networks

- high bandwidth - low bandwidth
- low bandwidth variability - high bandwidth variability
- can listen on wire - hidden terminal problem
- high power machines - low power machines
- high resource machines - low resource machines
- need physical - need proximity
access(security) - higher delay
- low delay - disconnected operation
- connected
operation

5
 Why Go for Mobile?
 Enable anywhere/anytime connectivity
 Bring computer communications to areas without pre-
existing infrastructure
 Enable mobility
 Enable new applications
 An exciting new research area

6
 Types of Wireless Devices
 Laptops
 Palmtops
 PDAs
 Cell phones
 Pagers
 Sensors
…

7
 Challenges
 Disconnection
 Low bandwidth
 High bandwidth variability
 Low power and resources
 Security risks
 Wide variety terminals and devices with different
capabilities (Device attributes)
 Fit more functionality into single, smaller device

8
 MOBILE COMPUTING

 The user of a mobile computing environment will be able to

access data, information or other logical objects from any device
in any network while on the move.

 Mobility
 User Mobility
 Device Mobility
 MOBILE COMPUTING Cont.
 Anywhere, Anytime Information: This is the generic
definition of ubiquity, where the information is available
anywhere, all the time.
 Virtual Home Environment: (VHE) is defined as an
environment in a foreign network such that the mobile users
can experience the same computing experience as they have
in their home or corporate computing environment.
 For example, one would like to put ones room heater on
when one is about 15 minutes away from home.
MOBILE COMPUTING Cont.
 Nomadic Computing: The computing environment is
nomadic and moves along with the mobile user.
 This is true for both local and remote services.

 Pervasive Computing: A computing environment, which is

pervasive in nature and can be made available in any
environment.

 Ubiquitous Computing: A disappearing (nobody will notice

its presence) everyplace computing environment. User will
be able to use both local and remote services.
MOBILE COMPUTING Cont.
 Global Service Portability: Making a service portable and
available in every environment. Any service of any
environment will be available globally.

 Wearable Computers: Wearable computers are those

computers that may be adorned by humans like a hat, watch,
shoe or clothes (these are wearable accessories).
 Mobile Computing Functions
 We can define a computing environment as mobile if it supports
one or more of the following characteristics:
 User Mobility
 Network Mobility
 Device Mobility
 Service Mobility
 Bearer Mobility
 Session Mobility
 Host Mobility (client –server, ip)
Issues in categories
 Software Issues - Apps
 Technical Issues - Battery, h/w
 Network Issues - connection
 User Interface Issues - understanding
 Security Issues - attacks
 Future of Mobile Computing
 Use of Artificial Intelligence

 Integrated Circuitry -> Compact Size

 Increases in Computer Processor speeds

 etc….

15
Still, Open
Areas…
 Interference
 Regulations and Spectrum
 Low Bandwidth
 High delays, large delay variations
 Lower security, simpler to attack
 Shared medium
 Adhoc networking
 1G, 2G, 3G & 4G

Mobile Generations….
Wireless Standards: History
 A new generation of cellular standards has
appeared approximately every tenth
year
 1G systems were introduced in
1981.
 Each generation is characterized by
 new frequency bands,
 higher data rates and
 non-backwards compatible transmission
technology.
 3G is considered successor to 1G and
2G.
1G
 1G: The original analog cellular systems are
considered the first generation of mobile
telephony (1G).
 In the early 1980s, 1G systems were
deployed.
 AMPS
 2G
 After 1G, second generation of mobile telephony (2G)
came into being.
 The difference between 1G and 2G is in the
signaling techniques used:
 1G used analog signaling,
 2G used digital signaling.
 2G-based mobile telephony were intended
primarily for
voice transmission and Data (low rate)
 3G for high speed data rate
2.5G
 2.5G used some of the advanced technique
like packet-switching
 This can use some of the existing 2G
infrastructure in GSM and CDMA networks.
 GPRS is a 2.5G technology used by GSM
operators.
 Some protocols, such as EDGE(Enhanced
Data rates for GSM Evolution) for GSM and
CDMA2000 1x-RTT for CDMA have data rate
of above 144 kbps are considered close to
3G.
 2.5G Cell Phone Systems

-between original 2G digital phones and the newer 3G

phones.

-bring data transmission capability to 2G phones

in addition to normal voice service.

-permits subscribers to exchange e-mails and access the

Internet by cell phone.

22
 1. General Packet Radio Service, GPRS
–uses one ormore of the eight TDMA time slots
in a phone system to transmit data rather than
GSM
digitized voice.
- data rate is from 20 kbps up to 160 kbps
-typical rate is about 40 kbps, which is more than
enough for e-mail and short message service but poor
for Internet access.
-involves an automatic rate adjustment algorithm that
adjusts the class and data rate to the robustness of the
wireless channel.

23
2. Enhanced Data Rate for GSM
Evolution, EDGE
based upon GPRS system but uses 8-PSK modulation
to achieve even higher data rates up to 384 kbps,
thereby tripling the rate.

 theoretical max. data rate is 473.6 kbps with all eight slots
used

 if implemented, EDGE needs linear power amplifiers at the

base station and in the handset.
 CDMA2000 –

 uses 1.25 MHz wide channels

 packet-based; permits a data rate of 144 kbps

 uses three 1.25 MHZ channels = 3.75 MHz

 Evolution-Data Optimized,

a recent version has higher rate approaching 3.1

Mbps downlink and an uplink rate up to 1.8 Mbps.
These speeds qualify for 3G.

25
Evolving of 3G Standards: IMT 2000
 3G has been specified as International Mobile
Telecommunications-2000 (IMT — 2000) as
per definition of International Telecommunication
Unit(ITU).
 IMT-2000 specifications embodies standards for
mobile phones and mobile telecommunications
services as per ITU
3G goals
 Unifying pre-3G technologies
 3G uses CDMA while 1G used FDMA and 2G used
TDMA, CDMA
 Making Global roaming feasible
 Higher security level
 Advanced Video:
 Streaming
 IPTV
 Mobile TV
What is 3G?
3G refers to the third generation of cellular
wireless standards. Its aim is to
 provide a wide range of data rates for
internet access to mobile as well as
stationary users and
 is able to efficiently support both Voice &
Data application.
3G Data rate
 3G data rate
 a minimum data rate of 2 Mbit/s for stationary or
walking users, and
 384 kbit/s in a moving vehicle
Note: 2G was limited to 128 and 144 kbps
respectively
 ITU does not clearly specify minimum or average
rates
 so various rates are sold as 3G intended to
meet customers expectations of broadband
data.
How to use 3G?
 3G Compatible device
 3G service provider
First 3G International launch
 The first pre-commercial 3G network was best
launched by NTT DoCoMo in Japan branded
FOMA, in May 2001 on a pre-release of
W-CDMA technology.

 The first commercial launch of 3G was also by

NTT DoCoMo in Japan on 1 October 2001,
although it was initially somewhat limited in scope
3G in India
 20 May 2010: Concluded spectrum Auction
 Raised 50,968.37 Crore INR
 Operators: Bharti Airtel, Aircel, Idea Cellular, Reliance
Communications, S Tel, Tata Teleservices, Vodafone
Essar

 Tata Docomo was first one to launch 

 Others to launch soon
Beyond 3G
 Beyond 3G is fourth generation of wireless
standards (4G) which is not yet well-defined.
 4G will be a super-enhanced version of 3G, when
all networks are expected to embrace Internet
protocol (IP) technology
 IMT-Advanced (under ITU) is currently under
study to define the fourth generation (4G) of
mobile communications.
INTRODUCTION: 4G

A brief discussion on these terminologies follows …..

 Wireless Standard
 Next generation futuristic wireless system
4G BASICS
 4G infrastructure shall be all IP-based (including
IPV6 and MIPV6)
 This shall develop into an optimized packet-switched
networks supporting high data speed.
 Expected data rates for 4G are:
 100 MBPS for high mobility devices and
 1 GBPS for slow moving objects or stationary objects
4G EXPECTED FEATURES (INFERRED
FROM VARIOUS RESEARCH PAPERS)

 4G shall co-exist and interwork with 2G and 3G

systems as well as satellite, WLAN, IEEE
802.16e (WMAN – WiMAX)

 Achieve local/global roaming capabilities

 4G shall have clear advantages in terms of

bandwidth, coverage, power consumption and
spectrum usage
4G EXPECTED FEATURES
(INFERRED FROM PAPERS) CONTD…
 4G shall be “Always Best Connected” i.e. the user shall be
connected through best network.
 A 4G terminal shall support multi-mode, multi-access and
reconfiguration capabilities.
 4G shall combine existing and emerging services such as
voice, data, streamed multimedia, sensory, e-health, and
social networking on mobile devices at best.
 4G envisages that mobile services shall be available on
Mobile Cloud.
With mobile cloud the various developers and service
providers shall be able to make their services
available to the end mobile user.
Cellular Concept
 Cellular Telephone Service

1940s MTSs (Mobile Telephone Systems

or Manual Telephone systems):
– all calls were handled by an operator, use FM
-use a single carrier frequency in the 35 MHz to
45 MHz range for both the mobile unit and base station
- half duplex operation,
-120 kHz bandwidth per channel
- only one conversation could take place at a time
-could not be accessed directly through the PSTN with
five digit long numbers.

39
 1964 IMTS (Improved Mobile Telephone Systems):

– use several carrier frequencies and could,

therefore, handle several mobile
simultaneous conversations at the same
time
-high output power between 13 W and 30 W and a
range of 25 mile radius

-transmit power a channel bandwidth of 30

kHZ increasing the number of channels, .
40
 Cellular Telephone Service

Disadvantages of early mobile telephone systems:

High cost, limited availability, and narrow frequency
allocation.

1983 AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System)

– the first U.S. cellular telephone system by AT&T
with 666 30 kHz half-duplex mobile telephone
channels, was based on analog radio technologies and
has been phased out.

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 AMPS
Specifications
Parameter AMPS
Frequency Band:
Forward Link 869 – 894 MHz
Reverse Link 824 – 849 MHz
Channel Spacing 30 kHz
Spacing between Transmission and Reception 45 MHz
Number of Channels 832 (previously 666)
Coverage Radius 2 – 20 km
Audio Signal
Type of Modulation FM
Frequency Deviation +/- 12 khz
Control Signal
Type of Modulation FSK
Frequency Deviation +/- 8 khz
Data Transmission Rate 10 kbps

42
 Fundamental Concepts of
Cellular Phone

• Coverage zone – a large geographic area.

• Cells – the small sections of the large geographic
area. It is defined by its physical size, and the size of
its population.
[Link] – large cells typically have a radius 1
mile and 15 miles with base station transmit power
between 1 W and 6 W.
[Link] – the smallest cells typically have a
radius of 1500 feet or less with base station transmit
power between 0.1 W & 1 W
43
 Honeycomb – the pattern formed by the
hexagonal- shaped cells.
Picocells – very small cells used indoor.

44
45
 Fundamental Concepts of
Cellular Phone

Different locations of base station

transmitters:
1. Center-excited
cell

3. Edge-
excited cell
2.
Corner-
excited
46
cell
 Frequency Allocation: Bands
1. 800 – 900 MHz – original frequency assignment;
previously occupied by UHF TV channels 68 through
83
2. 824 and 849 MHz – reserved for uplink
3. 869 and 849 MHz – are for downlink
Both 2) and 3) are divided into 832 channels with 30 kHz
bandwidth.
4. 30 kHz, 200 kHz, 1.25 MHz – the different bandwidths
used in different ways by different companies in
different locations.
5. 700 to 800 Mhz – abandoned UHF TV channels
for digital high-definition TV in 2009.
6. 1700 to 1750 Mhz – from military
47
7. 1900 to 2300 Mhz – available for 3G.
 Multiple Access – refers how the subscribers
are allocated to the assigned frequency spectrum.

Types:
1. Frequency reuse
2. FDMA - the spectrum is divided into many
smaller channels.
3. TDMA – multiple users use different time slots
4. CDMA – with unique coding, up to 64 subscribers can
share a 1.25 Mhz channel.
5. SDMA – it uses highly directional antennas to pinpoint
users and reject others on the same frequency.

48
Handoff
Types of Handoff:

[Link] Handoff – a connection that is momentarily

broken during the cell-to-cell transfer. It is a break-
before-make process.

[Link] Handoff – a flawless handoff, normally takes

approximately 200ms, which is imperceptible to voice
telephone users, although the delay may be disruptive
when transmitting data.
 Multiple Access – refers how the subscribers
are allocated to the assigned frequency spectrum.

Types:
1. FDMA - the spectrum is divided into many smaller
channels.
2. TDMA – multiple users use different time slots
3. CDMA – with unique coding, up to 64 subscribers
can share a 1.25 Mhz channel.
4. SDMA – it uses highly directional antennas to
pinpoint users and reject others on the same
frequency.
FDMA

➲
Frequency
➲ Division
➲ Multiple
➲ Access
FDMA
FDMA

(1G Cellular Networks)

TDMA

➲Time
➲Division
➲Multiple
➲Access
TDMA
F/TDMA

➲Frequency and Time

➲Division
➲Multiple
➲Access
F/TDMA

(2G Cellular Networks)

F/TDMA

Ham Bands
CDMA

➲CODE
➲Divisio
n ?
➲Multiple
➲Access
CDMA
CDMA

Uses the whole band, for the whole time

CDMA

Everyone transmits on top of everyone else.

How do we show this?
CDMA
Some people show it like this...

… but preferred one is..

CDMA

(3G Cellular Networks)

 YES.
With different codes,
and if you know the right code,
you can receive just the person
transmitting with that code.
 FDMA/TDMA/CDMA

Which telecommunication service is better for

you?
 Say…
 FDMA – Large room divided up into small
rooms.
Each pair of people takes turns speaking.

 TDMA – Large room divided up into small rooms.

Three pairs of people per room, however, each pair
gets 20 seconds to speak.

 CDMA – No small rooms. Everyone is speaking in

different languages. If voice volume is minimized, the
number of people is maximized.
 Definitions
 TDMA – Time Division Multiple Access

 FDMA – Frequency Division Multiple Access

 CDMA – Code Division Multiple Access

General Specification of TDMA
 Rx: 869-894MHz Tx: 824-849MHz
 832 Channels spaced 30kHz apart
(3 users/channel)
 DQPSK modulation scheme
 48.6kbps bit rate
 Interim Standard (IS) – 54
 Digital AMPS (Advanced Mobile
Phone System)
 Uses Time Division Duplexing
(TDD) usually
Advantages of TDMA
 Flexible bit rate
 No frequency guard band required
 No need for precise narrowband filters
 Easy for mobile or base stations to initiate and
execute hands off
 Extended battery life
 TDMA installations offer savings in base station
equipment, space and maintenance
 The most cost-effective technology for upgrading a
current analog system to digital
Disadvantages to using TDMA
 Requires network-wide timing synchronization
 Requires signal processing fro matched filtering and
correlation detection
 Demands high peak power on uplink in transient
mode
 Multipath distortion
General Specification of FDMA
 Rx: 869-894MHz Tx: 824-849MHz
 832 Channels spaced 30kHz apart
(3 users/channel)
 DQPSK modulation scheme
 48.6kbps bit rate
 Used in analog cellular phone
systems (i.e. AMPS)
 Uses Frequency Division
Duplexing (FDD)
 ISI (Intersymbol Interference) is
low
Advantages of FDMA
 If channel is not in use, it sits idle
 Channel bandwidth is relatively narrow (30kHz)
 Simple algorithmically, and from a hardware standpoint
 Fairly efficient when the number of stations is small and
the traffic is uniformly constant
 Capacity increase can be obtained by reducing the
information bit rate and using efficient digital code
 No need for network timing
 No restriction regarding the type of baseband or type of
modulation
Disadvantages to using FDMA
 The presence of guard bands
 Requires right RF filtering to minimize adjacent
channel interference
 Maximum bit rate per channel is fixed
 Small inhibiting flexibility in bit rate capability
 Does not differ significantly from analog system
General Specification of CDMA
 Rx: 869-894MHz Tx: 824-849MHz
 20 Channels spaced 1250kHz apart
(798 users/channel)
 QPSK/(Offset) OQPSK
modulation scheme
 1.2288Mbps bit rate
 IS-95 standard
 Operates at both 800 and 1900 MHz frequency
bands
CDMA
Operation
 Spread Spectrum Multiple Access Technologies
Advantages of CDMA
 Many users of CDMA use the same frequency,
TDD or FDD may be used
 Multipath fading may be substantially reduced
because of large signal bandwidth
 No absolute limit on the number of users
 Easy addition of more users
 Impossible for hackers to decipher the code
sent
 Better signal quality
 No sense of handoff when changing cells
Disadvantages to using CDMA
 As the number of users increases, the overall quality of
service decreases
 Self-jamming
 Near- Far- problem arises
Cell Structure
 Frequency Reuse

Frequency reuse
– the process in which the
same set of frequencies
(channels) can be allocated
to more than one cell,
provided the cells
separated by sufficient are
distance.
Cluster
– groups of cells
Frequency Reuse

The number of channels available in a cluster,

F: F = GN

The total channel capacity in a given area, C:

C = mF

Where:
G = # of channels in a cell
N = # of cells in a cluster = 3, 7, or 12 m =
# of clusters in a given area
Example:
Determine the number of channels per cluster
and the total channel capacity for a cellular
telephone area comprised or 10 clusters with
seven cells in each cluster and 10 channels in
each cell.

F = 10(7) channels
per cluster C = 10(7)(10) total
channels
Frequency Planning

3 cell clusters with

3 sectors
antennas
Basics on signals
Signal Propagation ranges
Signal Propagation
 Multipath Propagation
 Signal can take many different paths between
sender and receiver due to reflection, scattering,
diffraction
 Modulation
Basic schemes
Amplitude Modulation
Frequency Modulation
Phase Modulation
Modulation & Demodulation
Digital Modulation
Spread Spectrum Technology
DSSS : Direct Sequence
FSSS : Frequency Spread
GSM
GSM thru Generations
 2nd Generation
 GSM -9.6 Kbps (data rate)

 2.5 Generation ( Future of GSM)

 HSCSD (High Speed ckt Switched data)
Data rate : 76.8 Kbps (9.6 x 8 kbps)

 GPRS (General Packet Radio service)
 Data rate: 14.4 - 115.2 Kbps
 EDGE (Enhanced data rate for GSM
Evolution)
 Data rate: 547.2 Kbps (max)
 3 Generation
 WCDMA(Wide band CDMA)
 Data rate : 0.348 – 2.0 Mbps
 Evolution Chart Broad Band
4G
Service type
Narrow Band Wide Band
1G 2G 3G
Multi
media
Wireles
s
Internet
IMT
Digital Mobile
Voic IS 95 system
Analog 2000
e IS 136
AMPS
GSM

~ 24kbps ~64kbps ~2Mbps ~20Mbps

1980 1990 2000 2010

Year
GSM - Overview
 Global System for Mobile Communication
 Architecture
 Components & Sub Systems
 Types of services
 Call originating and receiving
 GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
 General Architecture Of GSM

HLR VLR
BSC
BTS
SIM PSTN,
MSC
ISDN
ME BTS BSC
EIR AuC

MS Um BSS NS
Mobile Base Station Network
station Subsystem Subsystem
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard

 Mobile Station (MS): Two Blocks

 Mobile Equipment (ME)
 Subscribers Identity Module (SIM)

Function of Mobile Station:

1. Personal Mobility
2. IMEI (International Mobile Equipment
Identity)
3. IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity)
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
 Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
 Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
 Base Station Controller (BSC)

BSC
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard

BSC: Base station Controller

[Link] manages radio resources for
one or more BTS.
BSC [Link] and Deallocation of
channels.
3. Transmitter power control.
4. Handoff control
BTS : Base Tranceiver station
1. It defines the cell .
2. It handles the radio link protocol with the mobile
station
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard

HLR VLR
PSTN,
BSC MSC
EIR AuC ISDN

 Network Subsystem
 MSC: Mobile Switching Center
 HLR: Home Location Register
 VLR: Visitor Location register
 AuC: Authentication Center
 EIR: Equipment Identity Register
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
 Mobile Switching center:(MSC)
 call set up/supervision/release
 call routing
 billing information colllection
 mobility management
 paging, alerting, echo cancellation
 connection to BSC, other MSC and other local exchange
networks
 Access to HLR and VLR
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard

 Home Location Register (HLR)

 One HLR per GSM operator
 Contains permanent database of all the
subscribers in the network
 contains MSRN(mobile station routing no.)
 It is reffered for every incomming call
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
 Visitor Location Register(VLR)
 Temporary visitors database
 One VLR per MSC
 Authentication Center(AuC)
 Provides security
 Authentication and encryption
 Equipment Identity Register:
 Contains IMEI
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard

 Services Provided By GSM

1. Tele services
- Basic Teleservice
- Calling – Voice Communication
- Voice mailbox
- SMS
-Emergency calling
-Voice Messaging
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
Services Provided By GSM (Cont..)
2. Bearer Services
- Transmission of data
- Low Speed data transfer (upto 9.6 Kbps)
- Synchronous /asynchronous

3. Supplementary Services
- call offering , call forwarding, call restriction,
call waiting, call hold
- Multipartyteleconferencing, special schemes
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
 Handover
GMSC Handover is of
4 types
MSC MSC
1. Intra BTS
2. Intra BSC
BSC BSC BSC 3. Inter BSC
4. Inter MSC
Handovers

 Intra BTS
 Between 1 and 2
– Inter BTS / Intra BSC
 Between 1 and 3 –
Inter BSC/ Intra MSC
 Between 1 and 4 –
Inter MSC
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
 GSM Radio Aspects :
 Uplink(Mobile to base)
 890-915 MHz (Total 25 MHz)
 Downlink ( Base to Mobile)
 935-960 MHz (Total 25 MHz)

 Total 45 MHz spacing for duplex operation

 GSM uses TDMA and FDMA
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
 GSM Using FDMA

200KHz

1 2 3 4 5 124
890MHz
915Mhz Uplink Freq

Total Frequency range(Uplink)=25Mhz

Spacing between two carriers=
200kHz No. of
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
 GSM Using TDMA
TDMA Frame is divided into 8 time slots.

Freq
Time slots
Dow
n 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 200 KHz
Link
carrier 45MHz
Up Link 1 23 3 4 5 6 7
03
carrier
4.6 ms
0.57ms
Time
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard

 Classification of Channels
 1 Traffic (TCH)
 Speech
 Full rate 22.8 kb/s
 Half rate 11.4 kb/s
 Data
 9.6kb/s
 4.8kb/s
 2.4kb/s
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
 2 Control (CCH)
 Broadcast (BCCH)
 Freq correction (FCCH)
 Synchronization (SCH)
 Common (CCH)
 Paging (PCH)
 Access grant
(AGCH)
 Random Access
(RACH)
 Dedicated
(DCCH)
 Fast Associative
(FACCH)
 Slow Associative
(SACCH)
 GSM System Architecture 2 PSTN

ISDN
BSC PDN
MS BTS
MSC

GMSC

BTS BSC

VLR
MS

BTS EIR
AUC
MS HLR
GSM
GSM network layout

PSTN

OMC
ISDN

BSC
MSC GMSC
E
BSC A B,C
BTS
HLR
EIR
BTS
VLR
AUC
BTS
121
 Abbreviations
 ISC: International switching center
 OMC: Operations and maintenance center
 GMSC: Gateway switching center
 MSC: Mobile switching center
 VLR: Visitor location register
 HLR: Home Location register
 EIR: Equipment Identification register
 AUC: Authentication center
 BSC: Base station controller
 BTS: Base transceiver station
 MS: Mobile subscriber
 TMSI: Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity
 IMSI: International Mobile Subscriber Identity
 MSRN: Mobile Station Roaming Number

122
Call Routing
 Call Originating from MS
 Call termination to MS
GSM
The European TDMA Digital Cellular Standard
 Mobile call originating

VLR

BSC MSC

HLR GMSC
BSC MSC
PSTN.

VLR ISDN
Outgoing Call
1. MS sends dialled number to
BSS
2. BSS sends dialled number to
MSC
3,4 MSC checks VLR if MS is
allowed the requested [Link]
so,MSC asks BSS to allocate
resources for call.
5 MSC routes the call to GMSC
6 GMSC routes the call to local
exchange of called user
7, 8,
9,10 Answer back(ring back) tone
is routed from called user to MS
via GMSC,MSC,BSS
 1. Calling a GSM
subscribers
Incoming Call 2. Forwarding call to
GSMC
3. Signal Setup to
HLR
4. 5. Request MSRN from
VLR
6. Forward responsible
MSC to GMSC
7. Forward Call to current
MSC
8. 9. Get current status of
MS
10.11. Paging of MS
12.13. MS answers
14.15. Security checks
 Types of handover (same as “handoff”)
 There are four different types of handover in the
GSM system.
 Handover involves transferring a call between:
 Channels (time slots) in the same cell
 Cells (Base Transceiver Stations) under the control of
the
same Base Station Controller (BSC),
 Cells under the control of different BSCs, but belonging
to the same Mobile services Switching Center (MSC),
and
 Cells under the control of different MSCs.

127
 Location management
 Set of procedures to:
 track a mobile user
 find the mobile user to deliver it calls
 Current location of MS maintained by 2-level
hierarchical strategy with
 HLRs and
 VLRs.

128
GSM & CDMA
A
comparison
GSM
 Time Division Multiple Access Based Technology
 200 kHz bandwidth per carrier
 Deployed in reuse pattern 3/9, 4/12, 7/21
 Available operating frequency 900, 1800, 1900 MHz
 Using SIM Card
CDMA
 Code Division Multiple Access Based Technology
 1.25 MHz bandwidth per carrier
 Reuse factor 1
 Available operating frequency 450, 800, 1900 MHz
 Using RUIM Card
CDMA
 Inherently superior receive sensitivity (approx. -121
dB)
 Tradeoff between Capacity, Coverage and Quality
 Soft/Softer hand-off (make before break):
 Precise power control algoriths minimize interference
 Multiple diversities:
 Receive Spatial Diversity trough two receive antennas
 Path diversity trough rake receivers
 Frequency diversity trough spread spectrum
 Time diversity trough interleaving
GSM
 Fixed coverage
 Receive sensitivity improvement (approx. -108dB),
relies on external solutions (masthead pre-amplifier,
high power amplifier)
 Hard hand-off (break before make)
Summary
 CDMA, compared with GSM (TDMA) technology,
provide :
 better spectrum efficiency (more capacity)
 better coverage (less sites required)
 better voice quality
 better data capability
 better forward compatibility (same spectrum can be
reused)
Working of CDMA
GSM GPRS
GPRS support nodes (GSN)
 A GSN is a network node which supports the use
of GPRS in the GSM core network.
 All GSNs should have a Gn interface and support
the GPRS tunnelling protocol.
 There are two key variants of the GSN, namely
 Gateway GPRS Support Node, and
 Serving GPRS Support Node.
Advantages
 Speed
 Always on connectivity
 New and better applications
 GSM operator costs – As an upgraded network,
no major infrastructure changes
Theory Part

GPRS
What is GPRS?
 The General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) network is an
"always on", private network for data.

 It uses the existing GSM network to transmit and receive

TCP/IP based data to and from GPRS mobile devices.
 Private IP addresses are typically dynamically
assigned
within the network to mobile devices.
 Firewalls typically reside at the APN to isolate the public
and private networks. IP addresses allocated to mobile
GPRS devices are therefore not addressable from outside
the GPRS network (e.g. from the Internet)
without specialized services or infrastructure.
GPRS
 GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) is a
very
widely deployed wireless data service,
available now with most GSM networks.
 GPRS customers enjoy advanced, feature-rich data
services such as e-mail on the move,
multimedia messages and location-based services.
 General packet radio service (GPRS) is a packet
oriented mobile data service available to users of
the 2G cellular communication systems global
system for mobile communications (GSM), as well
as in the 3G systems.
GPRS conti…
 In 2G systems, GPRS provides data rates of 56- 114
kbit/s

 2G cellular systems combined with GPRS are often

described as 2.5G

 GPRS data transfer is typically charged per megabyte

of traffic transferred, while data communication via
traditional circuit switching is billed per minute of
connection time.
GPRS Charging & QoS as compared
to CSD
 GPRS data transfer is typically charged per
megabyte of traffic transferred, while data
communication via traditional circuit switching is billed
per minute of connection time, independent of
whether the user actually is using the capacity or is in
an idle state.

GPRS is a best-effort packet switched service.

 In circuit switching, a certain quality of service
(QoS) is guaranteed during the connection for non-
mobile users.
(SGSN)

 A Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) is responsible for

the delivery of data packets from and to the mobile stations
within its geographical service area.

 Its tasks include packet routing and transfer, mobility

management (attach/detach and location management), and
authentication and charging functions.

 The location register of the SGSN stores location

information (e.g., current cell, current VLR) and user
profiles (e.g., IMSI, address(es) used in the packet data
network) of all GPRS users registered with this SGSN.
Common SGSN Functions

 Detunnel GTP packets from the GGSN (downlink)

 Tunnel IP packets toward the GGSN (uplink)
 Carry out mobility management as Standby mode
mobile moves from one Routing Area to another
Routing Area
 Billing user data
(GGSN)

 The Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) is a

main component of the GPRS network. The GGSN
is responsible for the interworking between the
GPRS network and external packet switched
networks, like the Internet and X.25 networks.

 From an external network's point of view, the

GGSN is a router to a sub-network, because the
GGSN ‘hides’ the GPRS infrastructure from the
external network.