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Mathematical Modeling for Optimization

This chapter discusses developing mathematical models for optimization problems. It covers different types of models such as deterministic vs probabilistic, linear vs nonlinear, steady state vs nonsteady state, and lumped parameter vs distributed parameter models. The chapter also discusses best practices for model building such as simplifying models while justifying assumptions, and cautions like ensuring models are used appropriately and not extrapolated beyond their valid range. Examples of empirical, probabilistic, and semi-empirical model fitting are provided.

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8 views29 pages

Mathematical Modeling for Optimization

This chapter discusses developing mathematical models for optimization problems. It covers different types of models such as deterministic vs probabilistic, linear vs nonlinear, steady state vs nonsteady state, and lumped parameter vs distributed parameter models. The chapter also discusses best practices for model building such as simplifying models while justifying assumptions, and cautions like ensuring models are used appropriately and not extrapolated beyond their valid range. Examples of empirical, probabilistic, and semi-empirical model fitting are provided.

Uploaded by

mohammad
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Chapter 2

Chapter 2

Developing Models for


Optimization

1
Chapter 2

2
Chapter 2

3
Chapter 2

4
Chapter 2

5
Everything should be made as simple
Chapter 2

as possible, but no simpler

6
Chapter 2

7
Chapter 2

8
Chapter 2

9
Chapter 2

10
TERMINOLOGY OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS
There are many additional ways to classify mathematical
models besides those used in Chapter 2. For our
purposes it is most satisfactory to first consider grouping
the models into opposite pairs:
Chapter 2

deterministic vs. probabilistic


linear vs. nonlinear
steady state vs. nonsteady state
lumped parameter vs. distributed parameter
black box vs. fundamental (physical)

11
Common Sense in Modeling
What simplifications can be made?
How are they justified?

Types of Simplifications
Chapter 2

(1)Omitting Interactions
(2)Aggregating Variables
(3)Eliminating Variables
(4)Replace Random Variables with Expected Values
(5)Reduce Detail of Mathematical Description

12
Chapter 2

13
Chapter 2

14
Precautions in Model Building

(1) Limits on availability of data and accuracy of data


Examples: Kinetic coefficients
Mass transfer coefficients
Chapter 2

(2) Unknown factors present or not present in scale up


Examples: Impurities in plant streams
Wall effects

(3) Poor measures of deviation between ideal and actual


models
Examples: Stage efficiency

15
(4) Models used for one purpose used improperly for
another purpose
Example: Invalidity of kinetic models

(5) Extrapolation – using the model outside of the regions


Where it has been validated
Chapter 2

16
Chapter 2

17
Chapter 2

18
2. Empirical Models
y  a0  a1 x1  a2 x2  ...
y  a0  a11 x12  a12 x1 x2  a21 x2 x1  a22 x22
1
G  s 
a0  a1s  a2 s 2
Chapter 2

Re  a(Pr)b ( Sc)c

3. Probabilistic concepts applied to small


physical subdivisions of the process

Not often used

19
Chapter 2

20
Chapter 2

21
Chapter 2

22
Chapter 2

23
Chapter 2

24
Chapter 2

FIGURE E2.3a FIGURE E2.3b


Variation of overall heat transfer Variation of overall heat transfer
coefficient with shell-side flow rate coefficient with tube-side flow rate
ws = 80,000. Wt for ws = 4000.

25
Semi-empirical Model Fitting
Heat exchanger data, p. 54
1 1 1 1
= + + (a)
u hs ht hf
Chapter 2

curve D in Eqn (3), Figure 2.6


x
=  + βx (b)
y
1 
= +β (c)
y x
1 1 1 1 1
= + = +
U hsf ht hsf k t w t 0.8

hsf k t w t 0.8
U=
k t w t 0.8 +hsf 26
Quadratic Curve Fitting
y = β1 + β2 x + β3 x 2 (x1=1, x 2 = x1 x 3 = x 2 )
Least squares analysis leads to 3 linear equations
in 3 unknowns (n data points)
 n  xi  x i2 
T  
x x    xi  x i2  x i3 
Chapter 2

  x i2  x i3  x i 4 

  yi 
T  
x y=   x i y i 
 x 2y 
 i i
What about
y  β1e  x  β 2 e  x ?
y  β1  β 2 sin x ?

(coefficients must appear linearly) 27


Chapter 2

28
Factorial Design and Least Squares Fitting
3 variables: x 2, x 3, x 4 (x1 = 1)
t  220 o
x2 = ( C)
20
p-3
x3 = (atm)
Chapter 2

2
m-200
x4 = (kg/h)
50
for data matrix on p. 65 (see Fig. E2.6)
11 0 0 0
0 diagonal!
8 0 0
x x 
T
easy to invert,
0 0 8 0
  well-conditioned
0 0 0 8

ŷ = 58.810 + 12.124 x 2 + 11.402 x 3 + 0.689 x 4 29

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