Biomedical Instrumentation I

Chapter 7 Bioelectric Amplifiers from

Introduction to Biomedical Equipment Technology
By Joseph Carr and John Brown
Part 2
 Differential Amplifiers
• Infinite Input impedance thus current passes from
R2 R3 to R4 and from R1 to R2
E1  A Voutput  A
 0
R1 R2
E1  A
R1 A I1  E1  A  Voutput  A 
E1
- R1
Voutput  A R1
 
 R2 


Vinput R3 I2  E1R 2  AR 2  AR1  Voutput R1

+ R2
E2 Voutput E1R 2  Voutput R1  AR 2  AR1
R4 E2  A E2  A
I3  
R3 R1 E2  A 0  A
 0
Book Assumes: Vinput = E2-E1 0 A 0 A R1 R2
I4   E2  A
And R1 =R3 and R2=R4 R4 R2  0  A
  
I1  I 2  0 R1  R 2 
E1 R1 A R2
I3  I4  0 E 2 R 2  AR 2  AR1
I1 I2 E 2 R 2  AR 2  AR1
E 2 R 2  E1R 2  Voutput R1
Voutput
E2 R3 A R4 Voutput R1  R 2( E 2  E1)
I3 I4 Voutput R2

E 2  E1 R1
 Advantages of Differential
Amplifier
• In differential mode you can cancel noise
common to both input signals
R2

1V
R1 A
E1
- 2V
R3
3V
E2
+ Voutput
R4
 Instrumentation Amplifier
E1
+ R4 R5

E1 -
R2 -
Vinput R1
R3
+ Voutpt

R6 R7
E2
- R 2  R3; R 4  R6; R5  R 7
Voutput  2 R 2  R5 
+   1 
E2 Vinput  R1  R 4 
• Give you high gain and high-input impedance.
• Composed of 2 amplifiers in noninverting format and a 3rd amplifier as a differential amplifier
Derivation of Gain for Instrumentation
Amplifier step 1
E1

I1 R1 I1  I 2
R3 E3 E1  E 2 E 2  E 3

I2 R1 R3
E2 R3E1  R3E 2  R1E 2  R1E 3
- R1E 3  R1E 2  R3E1  R3E 2
R3 R3
+ E3  E 2  E1  E2
E2 R1 R1
 R 3  R3
E 3  E 2  1  E1
 R1  R1
E1 R1 E2 R3 E3
I1 I2
 Derivation of Gain for Instrumentation
Amplifier step 2
E1
+ E4 I1  I 2
E 2  E1 E1  E 4
E1 - 
R1 R2
R2
R 2 E 2  R 2 E1  R1E1  R1E 4
I2 R1E 4  R1E1  R 2 E 2  R 2 E1
I1 R1
 R2   R2 
E2 E 4  E1   E 2    E1
 R1   R1 
 R2   R2 
E2 R1 E1 R2 E 4  E11   E 2
E4  R1   R1 
I1 I2
 Derivation of Gain for Instrumentation
Amplifier step 3
R4 R5
E4 E4  A E 4  A A  Voutput
I4  
I5 R4 R4 R5
I4
- I5 
A  Voutput E 4 R5  AR5  AR 4  Voutput R 4
R5 E 4 R5  Voutput R 4  AR5  AR 4
+ E3  A E3  A E3  A A  0
I6
I7 Voutput I6   
E3 R6 R4 R4 R5
A0 A0 E 3R5  AR5  AR 4
R6 R7 I7  
Book Assumes R4 =R6 and R5=R7
R7 R5 E 3R5  AR5  AR 4
I4  I5 E 3R5  E 4 R5  Voutput R 4
E4 R4 A R5
Voutput I6  I7
I4 I5 R5( E 3  E 4)  Voutput R 4
 R5 
Voutput   E 3  E 4  
E3 R6 A R7 0  R4 
I6 I7
 Derivation of Gain for Instrumentation
Amplifier step 4
 R2   R2 
E 4  E11   E 2 Step1
 R1   R1 
 R 3  R3
E 3  E 2  1  E1 Step2
 R1  R1
 R5 
Voutput   E 3  E 4   Step3
 R4 
 R2   R2 
E 3  E 2  1    E1 Book Assumes R3 =R2
 R1   R1 
  R 2   R2     R2   R 2   R5 
Voutput   E 2  1  E1     E11    E 2   
  R1   R1    R1   R 1   R 4 
  R2 R2   R2 R 2  R5 
Voutput   E 2 1   E1 1  
  R1 R1   R1 R 1  R 4 
 2 R 2  R5 
Voutput   E 2  E1   1 
 R 1  R 4 
 Example of Instrumentation
Amplifier
• Find the gain of the previous
instrumentation amplifier if R2 = 10K;
R1=500; R4 = 10K ; R5 = 100K 
 2 R 2  R5 
Voutput   E 2  E1   1 
 R1  R 4 
Voutput  2 * 10 K  100K 
  1   410
E 2  E1  0.5K  10 K 
 Problem 1
• Design a differential amplifier where the
feedback resistors are equal and the input
resistors are equal. The gain should be
equal to 10. One input voltage is 1 V and
the second input voltage is 2 V. What is
the output voltage?
• If the input resistance is 4 K what is the
feedback resistance?
 Solution 1
Vout Vout
 10 
V 2  V1 2V  1V
Vout  10 * (2V  1V )  10V

Vout R f Rf
  10 
Vin Rin 4 K
R f  10 * 4 K  40 K
 Problem 2
• An instrumentation amplifier has a gain of
20. Using the schematic discussed earlier
in the lecture, R5 = R7; R4=R6; R2 = R3.
• If R5 = 10K and R4 = 1K. The current
across R2 is 4 mA and Vinput1 is 1V. Vout1 =
-2V.
– Draw Schematic
– Find R2 & R1.
 E1
+
Solution 2 R5
Vout1 R4

E1 -
Vin1
R2 -
IR2
Vinput R1
R3
+ Voutpt

R6 R7
E2
-

E2 +

Vin1  Vout1 1V  (2V ) 3V

R2    750
I R2 4mA 4mA
 Solution 2 cont
R 2  R3; R 4  R6; R5  R 7
Voutput  2 R 2  R5 
  1   20
Vinput  R1  R 4 
 2(750)  10 K 
20    1 
 R1  1K 
20 1.5 K
2 1
10 R1
1.5 K
1
R1
R1  1.5 K
 Review for Exam 1
• Review all Homework Problems
• Review Wheatstone Bridge Lab & Amplifier
Lab
• Review Studio exercises (precision &
accuracy and aliasing exercises)
• Bring Calculators
• Closed book
• Equation sheet given previously will be
given out at exam
 Example of a Low pass Filter • Vout = output potential in volts(v)
C
• Vinput = input potential in volts(v)
• R = input resistance
R • C =feedback capacitance
A
- •
•
T = Time (sec)
Vic = initial conditions present at integrator output
at t =0
Vinput Analog Integrator using a 1M resistor
+ Voutput and a 0.2F capacitor. Find the output
voltage after 1 second if the input
voltage is a constant 0.5V?

1 t
Voutput 
RC 0
Vinput dt  Vic
1
1
Voutput  6
10  * 2 *10 F 07  (0.5)dt  0
R Cf Voutput
Vinput 0 1
Voutput   0.05  2.5V
0.2
IR IC
 Example of a Low pass Filter
C
Voutput ( j )  0
Ic 
R 1
j C
A
- 0  Vinput ( j )
Vinput
IR 
R
+ Voutput
Ic  I R
Voutput ( j )  0 0  Vinput ( j )

1 R
j C
 jC  Vinput  j 
Voutput  j     
 1  R
Voutput ( j ) 1
R Cf Voutput 
Vinput 0 Vinput ( j ) RjC
t
1
IR IC Voutput (t )   
RC 0
Vinput (t )dt  Vic
 Low Pass Active Filters = Integrator
Cf Attenuates High frequency where
cutoff frequency is =RfCf
Voutput  0
Rf Icf 
1
j C
Voutput  0
Ri IRf 
A
- Rf
0  Vinput
Ii 
Vinput Ri
+ Voutput Icf  IRf  Ii
Voutput  0 Voutput  0 0  Vinput
 
1 Rf Ri
jC
Cf  jC 1   jCRf  1  Vinput
Voutput     Voutput    
 1 Rf   Rf  Ri
ICf
Ri Rf Voutput Voutput  1  Rf 
Vinput 0   
Vinput Ri  jCRf  1 

Ii IRf
 High Pass Active Filters=Differentiator
Rf
Voutput = differentiator output voltage (v)
Vinput = input potential in volts (v)
Ci Rf = feedback resistor ohms ()
A
- Ci = input capacitance farads (F)
Find the output voltage produced by an op-
Vinput amp differentiator when Rf = 100K and C
+ Voutput
=0.5F and Vin is a constant slope of 400
V/s.

d (Vinput )
Voutput   RfCi
dt
  
Voutput   10 5  5 * 10 7 F 400V
S

Cf Rf Voutput
Vinput 0 Voutput  20V

Ii IRf
 High Pass Active Filters

Rf Voutput  j   0
I Rf 
Rf
Ci 0  Vinput  j 
Ii 
A
- 1
jC
Vinput I Rf  Ii
+ Voutput
Voutput  j   0 0  Vinput  j 

Rf 1
jC
Voutput  j   Rf
   RfjC
Vinput  j  1
Cf Voutput jC
Vinput 0 Rf

Ii IRf
 High Pass Active Filters
Attenuates High frequency where
cutoff frequency is 1/(2)
=1/ 2RiCi
Rf Voutput  0
IR f 
Rf
Ci Ri 0  Vinput
A
- Ii 
Ri 
1
Vinput jC
+ Voutput
I Rf  Ii
Voutput  0 0  Vinput

Rf 1
Ri 
jC
Voutput  Rf
Cf Ri Voutput 
Vinput 0 Rf Vinput 1
Ri 
jC
Ii IRf
 Band Pass Active Filters
Cf Voutput  0 Attenuates High frequency
I cf 
1 and low frequencies
jCf
where cutoff frequency
Rf Voutput  0 is =RfCf
I Rf 
Rf
Ci Ri 0  Vinput
Ii 
A
- Ri 
1
jCi
Vinput I cf  I Rf  Ii
+ Voutput
Voutput  0 Voutput  0 0  Vinput
 
1 Rf 1
jCf Ri 
jCi
Cf  jCf 1   jCfRf  1 
Voutput     Voutput   
 1 Rf   Rf 
ICf
Ri Vinput  Vinput  Vinput  jCi 
Vinput Ci Rf Voutput
0   
1 RijCi  1 RijCi  1
Ri 
jCi jCi
Ii IRf Voutput  jCi  Rf 
  
Vinput RijCi  1  jCfRf  1 