AFFIXATION - 1
STRESS PLACEMENT
AND
AFFIXATION
Stress Placement and
Prefixes
Prefix is a bound morpheme consisting of
a letter or a group of letters added to the
front of a word to form another word. The
addition of a prefix usually does not alter
the stress pattern of words, but
sometimes it does. Some of the prefixes
regarded as the most productive ones in
forming new words are listed below.
1. Prefix anti
Prefix anti is usually added to a noun or
adjective to form another noun or adjective,
and the meaning of this prefix is opposed to
or to prevent something as mentioned
within the noun or adjective. The addition of
this prefix generally does not change the
stress pattern of words, but it usually
receives the secondary stress. In certain
circumstance, it receives the primary stress.
Examples:
1. aircraft /ˈeə.krɑːft/ -anti-aircraft /ˌæ[Link]
ˈeə.krɑːft/
2. biotic /baɪˈɒt.ɪk/ -anti-biotic /ˌæ[Link]ɪˈɒt.ɪk/
3. climax /ˈklaɪ.mæks/ -anti-climax /ˌæ[Link]
ˈklaɪ.mæks/
4. septic /ˈsep.tɪk/ -anti-septic /ˌæ[Link]ˈsep.tɪk/
5. social /ˈsəʊ.ʃ ə l/ -anti-social /ˌæ[Link]
ˈsəʊ.ʃ ə l/
6. virus /ˈvaɪ ə .rəs/ -anti-virus /ˌæ[Link]ˈvaɪə.rəs/
2. Prefix dis
Prefix dis is usually added to an adjective,
adverb, noun, and verb. The meaning of
this prefix is the opposite of something as
mentioned within the base form. The
addition of this prefix generally does not
change the stress pattern of words, and
this prefix usually receive the secondary
stress.
Examples:
1. Able /ˈeɪ.bl ̩/ -disable /dɪˈseɪ.bl ̩/
2. Abuse /əˈbjuːz/ -disabuse /ˌdɪs.əˈbjuːz/
3. advantage /ədˈvɑːn.tɪdʒ/ -disadvantage /ˌdɪs.ədˈvɑːn.tɪdʒ/
4. agree /əˈgriː/ -disagree /ˌdɪs.əˈgriː/
5. allow /əˈlaʊ/ - disallow /ˌdɪs.əˈlaʊ/
6. appear /əˈpɪə r / -disappear /ˌdɪs.əˈpɪə r /
7. appoint /əˈpɔɪnt/ - disappoint /ˌdɪs.əˈpɔɪnt/
3. Prefix ex
Prefix ex is usually added to a noun to form
another noun, and the meaning of this
prefix is the former one as mentioned
within the noun. The addition of this prefix
generally does not change the stress
pattern of words.
Examples:
1. Boss / 'bɒs/ -ex-boss / eks'bɒs /
2. Boyfriend /ˈbɔɪ.frend/ -ex-boyfriend / eks' bɔɪ.frend/ /
3. Girlfriend /ˈgɜː[Link]/ -ex-girlfriend / eks’gɜː[Link]/ /
4. House /haʊs/ -ex-house /
eks'haʊs/ /
5. Husband /ˈhʌz.bənd/ -ex-husband / eks'hʌz.bənd/ /
6. Manager /ˈmæn.ɪ.dʒə r / -ex-manager
/eks'mæn.ɪ.dʒə r/
7. minister /ˈmɪn.ɪ.stə r / -ex-minister / eks'mɪn.ɪ.stə r/
8. president /ˈprez.ɪ.d ə nt -ex-president /
eks'prez.ɪ.d ə nt /
9. teacher /ˈtiː.tʃə r / -ex-teacher / eks'tiː.tʃə r/
[Link]/ 'waɪf/ -ex-wife / eks'waɪf/
4. Prefix hyper
Prefix hyper is usually added to an
adjective and noun, and the meaning of
this prefix is more than or too much of
something as mentioned within the
adjective or noun. The addition of this
prefix does not change the stress pattern
of words except that the secondary stress
is put on this prefix.
Examples:
1. active /ˈæk.tɪv/ -hyperactive /ˌhaɪ.pəˈræk.tɪv/
2. correction /kəˈrek.ʃ ə n/ -hypercorrection /ˌhaɪ.pəkəˈrek.ʃ ə n/
3. inflation /ɪnˈfleɪ.ʃ ə n/ -hyperinflation /ˌhaɪ.pə.rɪnˈfleɪʃ.ən/
4. market /ˈmɑː.kɪt/ -hypermarket /ˈhaɪ.pəˌmɑː.kɪt/
5. media /ˈmiː.di.ə/ -hypermedia /ˈhaɪ.pəˈmiː.di.ə/
6. sensitive /ˈsen t .sɪ.tɪv/ -hypersensitive /ˌhaɪ.pəˈsen.sɪ.tɪv/
5. Prefix in
Prefix in is usually added to an adjective,
adverbs and noun, and the meaning of this
prefix is the opposite of something as
mentioned within the noun. Suffix in- has
some allomorphs such as im, il, and ir. The
addition of this prefix in fact does not
change the stress pattern of words.
Examples:
1. ability /əˈbɪl.ɪ.ti/ -inability /ˌɪn.əˈbɪl.ɪ.ti/
2. accurate /ˈæk.jʊ.rət/ -inaccurate /ɪ
ˈnæk.jʊ.rət/
3. action /ˈæk.ʃ ə n/ -inaction /ɪnˈæk.ʃ ə n/
4. Active /ˈæk.tɪv/ -inactive /ɪnˈæk.tɪv/
5. dependent /dɪˈpen.d ə nt/ -independent /ˌɪn.dɪ
ˈpen.d ə nt/
6. Legal /ˈliː.g ə l/ -illegal /ɪˈliː.g ə l/
7. Mature /məˈtjʊə r / -immature /ˌɪm.ə
ˈtʃʊə r /
8. Patient /ˈpeɪ.ʃ ə nt/ -impatient /ɪmˈpeɪ.ʃ ə nt/
9. possible /ˈpɒs.ə.bl ̩/ -impossible /ɪmˈpɒs.ɪ.bl ̩/
6. Prefix non
Prefix non is usually added to a word such
as noun, adjective, and adverb to form one
of the same class, and the meaning of this
prefix is not like something mentioned
within the previous word. The addition of
this prefix does not change the stress
pattern of words, and a secondary stress is
usually put on this prefix.
Examples:
1. dairy /ˈdeə.ri / -nondairy /ˌnɒnˈdeə.ri/
2. fiction /ˈfɪk.ʃ ə n/ -nonfiction /ˌnɒnˈfɪk.ʃ ə n/
3. sense / 'sens / -nonsense /ˈnɒn.s ə n s/
4. smoking /ˈsməʊ.kɪŋ/ -nonsmoking /ˌnɒnˈsməʊ.kɪŋ/
5. Stop / 'stɒp / -nonstop /ˌnɒnˈstɒp/
7. Prefix over
Prefix over is usually added to a word such
as noun, verb, adjective, and adverb to
form one of the same class, and the
meaning of this prefix is more than usual,
completely, extra, or above. The addition of
this prefix does not change the stress
pattern of words, and a secondary stress is
usually put on this prefix.
Examples:
1. act / 'ækt / - overact /ˌəʊ.vəˈrækt/
2. book /ˈbʊk / - overbook /ˌəʊ.vəˈbʊk/
3. crowded /ˈkraʊ.dɪd/ - overcrowded /ˌəʊ.vəˈkraʊ.dɪd/
4. eat / 'i:t / - overeat /ˌəʊ.vəˈriːt/
5. ripe /ˈraɪp/ - overripe /ˌəʊ.v ə ˈraɪp/
8. Prefix un
Prefix un is usually added to a word such as
adjective, adverb and noun to form one of
the same class, and the meaning of this
prefix is not or the opposite of something
as mentioned within the previous word. The
addition of this prefix generally does not
change the stress pattern of words, and
this prefix is usually given a secondary
stress.
Examples:
1. able /ˈeɪ.bl ̩/ - unable /ʌnˈeɪ.bl ̩/
2. Acceptable /əkˈsept.ə.bl ̩/ - unacceptable /ˌʌn.əkˈsep.tə.bl ̩/
3. Accountable /əˈkaʊn.tə.bl ̩/ - unaccountable /ˌʌn.əˈkaʊn.tə.bl ̩/
4. Available /əˈveɪ.lə.bl ̩/ - unavailable /ˌʌn.əˈveɪ.lə.bl ̩/
5. Friendly /-[Link]/ - unfriendly /ʌnˈ[Link]/