BULK DEFORMATION
PROCESSES
IN METALWORKING
Drawing Process
©2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Principals of Modern Manufacturing 4/e SI Version
Wire and Bar Drawing
Cross section of a bar, rod, or wire is reduced by pulling
it through a die opening
Similar to extrusion except work is pulled
through die in drawing
It is pushed through in extrusion
Although drawing applies tensile stress, compression
also plays a significant role since metal is squeezed
as it passes through die opening
©2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Principals of Modern Manufacturing 4/e SI Version
Wire and Bar Drawing
©2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Principals of Modern Manufacturing 4/e SI Version
Area Reduction in Drawing
Change in size of work is usually given by area
reduction:
Ao Af
r
Ao
where r = area reduction in drawing; Ao = original
area of work; and Ar = final work
©2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Principals of Modern Manufacturing 4/e SI Version
Wire Drawing vs. Bar Drawing
Difference between bar drawing and wire drawing is
stock size
Bar drawing - large diameter bar and rod stock
Wire drawing - small diameter stock - wire sizes
down to 0.03 mm (0.001 in.) are possible
Although the mechanics are the same, the methods,
equipment, and even terminology are different
©2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Principals of Modern Manufacturing 4/e SI Version
Drawing Practice and Products
Drawing practice:
Usually performed as cold working
Most frequently used for round cross sections
Products:
Wire: electrical wire; wire stock for fences, coat
hangers, and shopping carts
Rod stock for nails, screws, rivets, and springs
Bar stock: metal bars for machining, forging, and
other processes
©2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Principals of Modern Manufacturing 4/e SI Version
Bar Drawing
Accomplished as a single‑draft operation ‑ the stock
is pulled through one die opening
Beginning stock has large diameter and is a straight
cylinder
Requires a batch type operation
©2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Principals of Modern Manufacturing 4/e SI Version
Bar Drawing Bench
Hydraulically operated draw bench for drawing metal
bars
©2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Principals of Modern Manufacturing 4/e SI Version
Wire Drawing
Continuous drawing machines consisting of multiple
draw dies (typically 4 to 12) separated by
accumulating drums
Each drum (capstan) provides proper force to
draw wire stock through upstream die
Each die provides a small reduction, so desired
total reduction is achieved by the series of dies
Annealing sometimes required between dies to
relieve work hardening
©2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Principals of Modern Manufacturing 4/e SI Version
Continuous Wire Drawing
©2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Principals of Modern Manufacturing 4/e SI Version
Features of a Draw Die
Entry region - funnels lubricant into the die to prevent
scoring of work and die
Approach - cone‑shaped region where drawing
occurs
Bearing surface - determines final stock size
Back relief - exit zone - provided with a back relief
angle (half‑angle) of about 30
Die materials: tool steels or cemented carbides
©2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Principals of Modern Manufacturing 4/e SI Version
Other Pictures for the
Drawing types
©2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. M P Groover, Principals of Modern Manufacturing 4/e SI Version