ANALISA STRUKTUR

(STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS)
BANGUNAN LEPAS PANTAI TERPANCANG
IN-PLACE AND SEISMIC ANALYSIS
Oleh:
Ir. Murdjito, [Link]
Dosen Jurusan Teknik Kelautan
Fakultas Teknologi Kelautan
Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) Surabaya

PEMBINAAN DASAR ENGINEER DAN INSPECTOR

BANGUNAN LEPAS PANTAI TERPANCANG
(FIXED OFFSHORE PLATFORM)
Serpong, 18-25 Agustus 2014
 Outline
 ALLOWABLE STRESSES FOR
CYLINDRICAL MEMBERS
 INPLACE ANALYSIS

 SEISMIC ANALYSIS
 Design Analysis

Static Analysis
Pile Analysis
Fatigue Analysis
Seismic Analysis
Loadout Analysis
Transportation Analysis
Installation/Stability Analysis
Pile Driven Analysis
 Steel Properties
The mechanical steel properties are:
Young modulus E = 29000 ksi,
Shear modulus G = 11200 ksi
Poisson ratio ν = 0.3
Volumetric mass ρ = 490 lb/ft3
Steel grades and Yield
All tubular < 18” Ø ASTM A53 / API 5L Grade B Fy = 35 ksi
All tubular ³ 18” Ø ASTM A36 Fy = 36 ksi
Rolled sections (WF, Channel etc) ASTM A36 Fy = 36 ksi
Joint Classification
 Joint classification is
subdivided into K, X, and
Y components
 The classification can be
a mixture between the
above three joint types
 Joint detailing is an
essential element of joint
design

API RP 2A – WSD 2005

Joint Detailing

API RP 2A – WSD 2005

 Simple Tubular Joint
 all load is transferred from
one branch to the other via
the chord, without any help
from stiffening rings or
gusset plates
 To prevent excessively high
localized stresses in the
chord, a short length of
heavier section (joint can) is
often used in the connection
area.
Basis for Tubular Joint Design, W Marshall, 1974
Parametric simple tubular joint

API RP 2A – WSD 2005

Chord Length

API RP 2A – WSD 2005

 ALLOWABLE STRESSES FOR CYLINDRICAL
MEMBERS
Axial Tension: Ft : 0.6 Fy

Axial Compression
 Buckling
Elastic Local Buckling Stress.

Inelastic Local Buckling Stress.

API RP 2A – WSD 2005

Bending

API RP 2A – WSD 2005

 Shear
Beam Shear : fv = V/ (0.5 A) Allowable : Fv: 0.4 Fy

Torsional Shear

Allowable : Fv: 0.4 Fy

API RP 2A – WSD 2005

 COMBINED STRESSES FOR CYLINDRICAL
MEMBERS
Combined Axial Compression and Bending

Combined Tension and Bending

API RP 2A – WSD 2005

 Outline
 ALLOWABLE STRESSES FOR
CYLINDRICAL MEMBERS
 INPLACE ANALYSIS

 SEISMIC ANALYSIS
 In-Place Analysis
 In-place analysis is performed to determine the MOST
adverse effects that occur in the strcture members and piles
for operational and storm environmental events
 Operatinal platform deck loads are combined with the
environmental loads to form directional load combination
that are applied to the global structure
 Loads considerations
– All directional opearating environmental loads combined with
topside loading
– All directional storm environmental oads combined with topside
loading
 In-place analysis covers:
– Modal analysis
– In-place operating (1-year return) condition
– In-place storm (100-year return) condition
 Method of Analysis
 Structural analyses comprise of static linear analyses
of a 3-D space frame computer model
 Pile connections to mudline is pilehead
 Several combinations of the elementary loads are
considered in order to determine the worst case
scenario for each member and to size accordingly
 Member and joints stress checking is performed
according to the AISC 9th ed and API RP 2 A WSD
or relevant standards
Platform Structural Model in-place analysis

 Top-side structural model

 Jacket structural model
 Piles
 Non-linear pile-soil interaction
Flowchart In-place Analysis
 Structural Analysis Steps
 Structure modeling
 Input of section properties and mechanical properties of
the structural members
 Hydro-dynamics coefficient for jacket members and
appurtenaces
 Input of environmental data, equipment and live loads
 Execution of the analysis for different loads conditions and
combinations
 Codes stress check of the structuaral members and joints
(API, AISC, DnV, ISO)
 Check Displacements
 Modal Analysis
 Modal analysis of the global structure is
performed to assess th dynamics behaviour of the
structure
 Considerations in the analysis
– Structure and equipment mass corresponding to the
gross weigths
– Mass of the risers pipes and X-mass tree weights
– No environmental loads – stiil water condition
– Marine growth mass
– Water added mass
– Weight of enclosed water
 Deck Structural Model
 Deck structure : Helideck, Main Deck, Cellar Deck
and Subcellar Deck.
 Deck structure model: major structural members and
stringers without plate or grating modeled.
 Plate and grating contribution to structure’s stiffness
will be modeled in dummy member except for
helideck.
 Weight of non-modeled structural and non-
structural element such as plates, gratings,
handrails, etc. are included in deck miscellaneous
dead load.
 Deck modeling
El. + 49.00
Main Deck
11

El. + 32.00 1 C02

1 D03 2 2
Cellar Deck B B
22
El. + 15.00
Working Point
50’-0” D01 D01 C03 C03
50’-0”

D03 C02
A A
30’-0” 30’-0”

Main Deck Member Group Cellar Deck Member Group

 Member Properties
IY
GROUP LABEL PROPERTIES 4
(In )

C02 16 WF 36 448.0
C03 24 WF 100 3000.0
D01 33 WF 130 6710.0
D03 21 WF 62 1330.0

Column:

B01 30" x 1.00" 5042.0

Deck Modeling – Top View
Jacket Structure
 Jacket Design
 Function classifications:
– Jacket legs and piles skirts
– Braces (vertical, diagonal, horizontal)
– Other framing elements (conductor framing, launch truss,
miscellaneous framing)
– Appurtenances (boat landing, barge bumper, anodes,
walkways, mudmats, padeyes, etc)
 Structural classifications:
– Major structural members:  essential to the structural
integrity of the jacket
– Secondary structural members will not endanger the
structural integrity (conductor guide, boat landing)
 Jacket Structural Behaviour
 To be modeled the actual behaviour of the various
components (piles, joints)
 The piles are stabbed through the legs and
connected to the top of the jacket legs
 The non-linear behaviour of the piles below the
bottom frame elevation has to be accounted for in
the model
 The stiffness of the joints depends on the
geometry and on the loading
 Member stiffness and buckling capacity have to be
considered
 Jacket Modeling
 All main tubular members such as jacket legs, bracings,
horizontal framing, joint cans are to be modeled.
 Jacket appurtenances such as secondary members at jacket’s
walkway, anodes, mud-mat, crown, pile centralizers, pad-eyes are
not modeled in jacket structure but their weight are included in
jacket appurtenances dead load.
 Boat-landing, risers and its supports are modeled to maximize the
wave forces acting on jacket structure.
 The contribution of un-modeled jacket appurtenances which
attract wave load such as anodes and walkway are included in the
modified Cd/Cm of main member.
 The connections of pile-jacket above mud-line are provided only
laterally and only at the elevation of pile centralizers. Wishbone
members are used to provided this constraints.
 Generally, all members are un-flooded with exception for jacket
legs and piles. Risers are assumed as non-flooded member but
their density were modified to include neoprene, dope, and wrap.
 Conductors are considered not to contribute stiffness to the jacket.
However, it is necessary to include conductors in the jacket model
to pick up wave forces acting on the platform structure
 Jacket Foundation Design
 The soil will be modelled as series of springs (lateral,
vertical and end bearing) at discrete intervals and the
behaviour of soil to loads will be modelled as load
deflection curves.
 The P-Y, T-Z and Q-Z data as provided in the respective
Geotechnical Investigation Reports will be used.
 All the piles in a jacket shall have the same target
penetration, based on the mostcritically loaded pile
 The design pile penetration will be sufficient to develop
adequate capacity to resist the maximum computed axial
bearing and pullout loads with a safety factor not less than
defined in API RP2A
 Member Strength
 Assessment of the stress levels is performed on the
basis of offshore codes
– API/AISC  stress verified against allowable stresses

 AISC Allowable Stresses

Type Ratio allow/yield

Tension 0.66
Shear 0.40
Compression 0.60  reduced for buckling
Bending 0.66  reduced for buckling
Bearing 0.90
Combined Stress 1.0
Minimum Safety Factors of Allowable Pile
Capacity

API RP 2A WSD, 2010

Jacket modeling - Isometric View –

Attaka CP-CICO, 2014

 Loadings
 Gravity Loads
– Gravity loads consist of:
 dead weight of structure and equipments.

 live loads (equipments, fluids, personnel).

 Environmental Loads
– Environmental loads consist of wave, current and wind loads
assumed to act simultaneously in the same direction.
– In general eight wave incidences are selected; for each the
position of the crest relative to the platform must be
established such that the maximum overturning moment
and/or shear are produced at the mudline.
 Loading Combinations
– The static in-place analysis is performed under different
conditions where the loads are approximated by their pseudo-
static equivalent.
– The basic loads relevant to a given condition are multiplied by
the appropriate load factors and combined to produce the
most severe effect in each individual element of the structure.
 Load Generation
 Load categories:
– Functional Load
 Due to operational function of the structures

 dead weight, live loads, deck equipment & supplies, deck

drilling loads, etc.
– Environmental loads
 Wind, waves, current, earthquakes, tsunamis,

– Installation loads
 Experienced by installation phase

 Non-generated load can be input by defining:

– The number of the joint or member
– The location of the load
– Type of the load
– The axis system
 Basic Load Cases
 Structural Selfweight
 Equipment & Piping Operating Load
 Live Load
 Crane Moment ( -X , Y)
 Crane Hook Load
 Operating Wind Load On WOR (+X)
 Operating Environmental
 Operating Work Over Rig
 Jacket Appurtenances Load
 Storm Wind Load On WOR (+X, Y)
 Storm Environmental Load
 Storm Work Over Rig
 Load Combination
LOAD COMBINATION
ID BASIC LOAD CASE
LC71 LC72 LC73 LC74 LC75 LC76 LC77 LC78 LC91 LC93 LC95 LC97 STIL

DEAD Structural Selfweight 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05
DKLV Deck Liveload 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
DKPL Deck Plate & Grating 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
EQPT Deck Equipment Load 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
HDLV Helideck Live Load 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40
HDRL Handrail Load 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
SCLV Subcellar Deck Live Load 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35
WLLV Wellhead Area Live Load 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75
CRTZ Crane Hook Load 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
APPR Jacket Appurtenance Load 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05
CRMX Crane Moment (-) X-Dir 0.70 1.00 0.70 -0.70 -1.00 -0.70 1.00 -1.00 1.00
CRMY Crane Moment (+) Y-Dir 1.00 0.72 -0.72 -1.00 -0.72 0.72 1.00 -1.00
O000 Ope. Env. Load at 0.00 Deg 1.00 1.00
O045 Ope. Env. Load at 45.0 Deg 1.00
O090 Ope. Env. Load at 90.0 Deg 1.00 1.00
O135 Ope. Env. Load at 135. Deg 1.00
O180 Ope. Env. Load at 180. Deg 1.00 1.00
O225 Ope. Env. Load at 225. Deg 1.00
O270 Ope. Env. Load at 270. Deg 1.00 1.00
O315 Ope. Env. Load at 315. Deg 1.00
RIG1 Operating Workover Rig At Well No. 1
RIG3 Operating Workover Rig At Well No. 3
RIG7 Operating Workover Rig At Well No. 7 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
RIG9 Operating Workover Rig At Well No. 9 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
 Outline
 ALLOWABLE STRESSES FOR
CYLINDRICAL MEMBERS
 INPLACE ANALYSIS

 SEISMIC ANALYSIS
 Earthquakes
 Two levels of earthquake intensity:
– strength level (SLE)
– ductility level (DLE)/ rare intense earthquake (REI) .
 SLE: reasonable likelihood of not being exceeded
during the platform's life (mean recurrence interval ~
200 - 500 years), the structure is designed to respond
elastically.
 DLE/ REI : maximum credible earthquake at the site,
the structure is designed for inelastic response and to
have adequate reserve strength to avoid collapse.
 API-RP2A recommends: X, Y, 0.5 Z
 DNV rules: 0,7X, O,7 Y and 0,5 Z
 The value of a max and often the spectral shapes are
determined by site specific seismological studies. 391
Procedures of Seismic/ earthquake Analysis
 The scope of earthquake design is to check the adequacy of
the jacket, topsides, piles, pile capacity and joint can
thickness as per API RP 2A WSD
 The dynamic analysis including modal analysis is to
determine the natural modes of vibration of the structure
and the associated periods. Of particular importance in
determining the natural period is the stiffness of the
structure (and its foundations) and the mass distribution
over the structure.
 A uniform modal damping will be used to compute the
earthquake forces.
 The platform in-place model will be used and no wind or
wave loading will be considered along with earthquake
design.
 The 100% open live load as per in-place analysis for the
operating (1year) storm condition is to be considered in the
earthquake design.
 The design water depth shall be considered based on MSL.
 The pile/soil interaction is represented by a separate
stiffness matrix
 Modal response shall be combined using the complete
quadratic combination method (CQC) and thereafter,
directional responses shall be combined using the square
root of the sum of squares (SRSS) method.
 Procedure Seismic Analysis
START
B

Environmental data A
Structural Equipments,
(water depth), soil &
geometry & live load &
seismic data
material data dead loads
Seismic environmental
data (response spectrum
Loading conditions & curve)
loading combinations

Result for loading

Response spectrum combinations
analysis
Added Structural & pile Dynamic Loading
mass model
Compute pile stress Code checks for
& axial loads structural
members & joints
Compute Eigen
value & natural
period Check for pile
strength & capacity

A List output

B
END
 Main Steps Response Spectrum Analyses

 Static & Superelement Analyses:

– Generate super element as linearized pile foundation.
– Carrying out a static analysis of gravity loads.
 Dynamic Response Analyses:
– Carrying out a dynamic modal analysis to derive the first modal periods
and associated modal shapes (i.e. eigenvalues and eigenvectors)
– Carrying out seismic response spectrum analysis
 Earthquake Analyses:
– Combining internal forces generated by the earthquake with gravity
forces occurring in the in-place conditions
 Post Analyses:
– Checking for member element and nodes stress.
 Single Pile Analyses
– Checking for pile stress and axial capacity
Response Spectra—Spectra Normalized to 1.0 Gravity

Damping correction
factor:
D = -ln (/100)/ln(20)

: damping ratio
For 2    10
 References:
 McClelland, B and Reifel, M.D., “Planning and Design of
Fixed Offshore Platforms,” Van Nostrand Reinhold Co,
New York, 1986
 Wardenier, J: Offshore and Hydraulic Steel Structures Vol
1”, X3CT2, Delft University of Technology, 1985
 Dawson, TH, “Offshore Structural Engineering”, Prentice
Hall, 1983
 API RP 2A WSD 21st Edition, Recommended Practice for
Planning, Designing and Constructing Fixed Offshore
Platforms—Working Stress Design, 2010
 CICO, Attaka “CP” platform In-service structural analysis
For Requalification, 2013
 McDermott, Structural Design Basis for Substructure
WHP, 2014