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Introduction to Computer Architecture

The document discusses computer organization and architecture. It defines architecture as the attributes visible to programmers, like instruction sets, while organization is how features are implemented internally. It describes the basic structure of a computer system including the CPU, main memory, I/O, and interconnections. The CPU contains an arithmetic logic unit, registers, and a control unit which sequences operations and controls data movement.

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28 views20 pages

Introduction to Computer Architecture

The document discusses computer organization and architecture. It defines architecture as the attributes visible to programmers, like instruction sets, while organization is how features are implemented internally. It describes the basic structure of a computer system including the CPU, main memory, I/O, and interconnections. The CPU contains an arithmetic logic unit, registers, and a control unit which sequences operations and controls data movement.

Uploaded by

Likhithap
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Computer Organization and Architecture

Module 1 : Introduction
Text Book
 V. Carl. Hamacher and
Zaky , Computer
Organization, TMH, 4th
International edition.
 Mano, Computer System
Architecture, PHI, 3rd
edition.
Outline
 Overview
 The Computer System
 The CPU
 The Control Unit
 Parallel Organization
Architecture & Organization
 Architecture include those attributes which are
visible to the programmer
 Instruction set, number of bits used for data
representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing
techniques.
 e.g. Is there a multiply instruction?
 Organization is how features are implemented
 Control signals, interfaces, memory technology.
 e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by
repeated addition?
Architecture & Organization
 All Intel x86 family share the same basic
architecture
 The IBM System/370 family share the same
basic architecture

 This gives code compatibility


 At least backwards
 Organization differs between different versions
Why Computer Organization

Image credits: uber,


extremetech,
anandtech
Why Computer Organization
 Must know how to reason about program
performance and energy
 Memory management: if we understand
how/where data is placed, we can help ensure
that relevant data is nearby
 Thread management: if we understand how
threads interact, we can write smarter multi-
threaded programs
 Why do we care about multi-threaded
programs?
Structure & Function
 Structure is the way in which components
relate to each other
 Function is the operation of individual
components as part of the structure
Functional Components
Functional Components
Function
 All computer functions are:
 Data processing
 Data storage
 Data movement
 Control
Operations (1) Data movement
Operations (2) Storage
Operation (3) Processing from/to storage
Operation (4)
Processing from storage to I/O
Structure
 The Computer
 CPU
– Controls the operation of the
computer and performs its data
processing functions.
 Main memory
– Stores data
 I/O
– Moves data between the
computer and its external
environment
 System interconnection
– Provides for communication
among CPU, main memory, and
I/O
Structure - Top Level

Peripherals Computer

Central Main
Processing Memory
Unit

Computer
Systems
Interconnection

Input
Output
Communication
lines
Structure - The CPU

CPU

Computer Arithmetic
Registers and
I/O Logic Unit
System CPU
Bus
Internal CPU
Memory Interconnection

Control
Unit
Structure - The Control Unit

Control Unit

CPU
Sequencing
ALU Logic
Control
Internal
Unit
Bus
Control Unit
Registers Registers and
Decoders

Control
Memory

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