INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION
AND COMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGY
BY: ANIQA SIDDIQUI
CS-140
Session 2019-2023
Reference Books
The concepts of information technology 9th edition by Tasleem
Mustafa
[Link]
RR4fg3uAgT_K/view
Introduction to Computers by Peter Norton, 6th International Edition
(McGraw HILL)
Using Information Technology: A Practical Introduction to Computer
& Communications by Williams Sawyer, 6th Edition (McGraw HILL)
Computers, Communications & information: A user's introduction by
Sarah E. Hutchinson, Stacey C. Sawyer
Fundamentals of Information Technology by Alexis Leon,
Mathewsleon Articles & Handouts will be given accordingly
Chapter 1:
Introduction To Information And
Communication Technology
Topics
Introduction
Data & Information
Information Processing Cycle
Components of Computer Hardware
History of Computer
Generation of Computer
Classification of Computer
What is a Computer?
An electronic machine used to solve different
problems according to a set of instructions
given to it.
An electronic device for storing and
processing data
Composed of hardware and software
Can exist in a variety of sizes and
configurations
Characteristics of Computer
The ability to perform the information processing
cycle with amazing speed.
Reliability (low failure rate).
Accuracy.
Ability to store huge amounts of data and
information (storage).
Ability to communicate with other computers.
Versatility
Consistency
Computer Hardware
Physical parts of computer are called
Hardware. Hardware can be seen and
touched by the user i.e.
Input devices such as keyboard, mouse
Processing device such as CPU
Output device such as printer and monitor
Storage Device such as hard drive , flash drive
and optical disc
Memory chips such as RAM,ROM
Difference b/w Hardware And
Software
What is Data?
The raw material of information
Contain facts w/o interpretations
The information entered into, and stored
within a computer or file
Used by applications to accomplish tasks
Unprocessed information
E.g.
Student’s admission form, Govt. census
data, different organizational survey
What is Information?
Processed data is called information
Contains meaning, knowledge, instruction,
communication, & representation of data
Result of processing, manipulating and
organizing data in a way that adds to the
knowledge of the person receiving it
The output of information systems
i.e. student’s data which after some processing can be
used to get the student’s record resides in Faisalabad.
Information Processing Cycle
(IPC)
Series of steps used to convert data into
useful information is known as Information
processing cycle. The steps in this cycle are
preformed in a specific sequence.
Input-->Processing--> Output-->Storage
What Do Computers Do?
Input, Process, Output, & Store data
Input Process Output
Store Data
Information Processing Cycle…
1. Input
First step of IPC is input. In this phase the
computer accepts data from input devices. An input
source by user can be an input device like keyboard,
mouse, microphone etc.
2. Processing
Second step of IPC is processing. It converts
data into information. Information is an organized and
processed form of data. CPU processed data into
information. RAM temporarily stores data.
Information Processing Cycle…
[Link]
Third step of IPC is output. The result is provided to the
user. It is performed using different output devices such
as monitors and printers
[Link]
Fourth step of IPC is Storage. It stores data, information
and program used by the computer system. It is
performed using different storage devices like hard
drives, optical discs and USB flash memory etc.
Input, Processing, Storage,
and Output Devices
Components of Computer
Hardware
Input devices
Output devices
System units
Storage (memory) devices
Communication devices
Input Devices
Keyboard, mouse, scanner, microphones & etc.
Output Devices
Printers
Monitors
and more
System Units
CPU (Central Processing Unit)
Memory
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Main processor of a computer that makes
everything work
Interprets & carries out the basic instructions
Performs all the instruction, logic, &
mathematical processing
Memory
Two types:
Primary & Secondary
Primary:
Temporary memory for dynamic access by the
processor (CPU)
RAM (Random Access Memory)
Secondary:
For large data storage, e.g. hard disk drive
RAM is much faster than disk drives for
dynamically interacting with the processor
Storage Devices
Magnetic Disks
Hard disks, floppy disks, zip disks
Optical Disks
CD-ROM, CD-R (Recordable), CD-RW, DVD
Flash Memory Cards
USB flash drive: Small, lightweight, & large
storage capacity
Communication Devices
Modem
Connect a computer to the internet
Network card
Connect a computer to a computer network
Router
Connect different devices to share data and
internet connections
Mechanical computers
The Abacus (c. 3000 BCE)
Napier’s Bones and
Logarithms (1617)
Picture courtesy IBM
Oughtred’s (1621) and
Schickard‘s (1623]
slide rule
Blaise Pascal’s
Pascaline
(1645)
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibnitz’s
Stepped Reckoner (1674)
Joseph-Marie Jacquard and his punched card
controlled looms (1804)
Preparing the cards with the
pattern for the cloth to be woven
Charles Babbage (1791-1871)
The Father of Computers
Charles Babbage’s Difference
Engine
The ENIAC:
Electronic Numerical Integrator
and Computer
Classification Of
Computers
Classification of Computer
Compare between the previous type of
computers based on
Price
Processing Speed
Storage Capacity
Powerful
Single-user or Multi-user
Computer Size
Companies size
Classification of Computer
1. Personal computer (PCs)
2. Mobile devices
3. Minicomputer
4. Mainframe Computer
5. Super Computer
6. Embedded Computer
Personal Computers
Desktop computers i.e. PC, Mac, and
other microcomputers (Server
Computer)
Portable computer i.e. Laptops,
Tablets
Mobile devices
A mobile device is basically any handheld
computer.
It is designed to be extremely portable.
Some mobile devices are more powerful
Types:
1. Tablet Computers
2. E-Book Readers
3. Smartphones
4. Portable Media Players
Minicomputers
Typically Large, more powerful and more
expensive
Can serve hundreds of users
Mid range servers
i.e. Prime 9955, HP 3000, AS 400, VAX
8600
Mainframe computers
Large computers designed to serve several
thousands connected users at a same time.
More power and expensive than
microcomputers
Enterprise server or high ended server like
Airlines, Government departments(NADRA)
i.e. IBM S-900, DEC10 and etc.
Super Computers
Fastest and the most powerful
Biggest in size and more expensive
Used to perform complex task
i.e. Weather forecasting, weapon design, and
atomic research, business and industry ,
Hollywood movies (animation purpose)
examples Roadrunner, Blue Gene, Deep
blue
Embedded Computers
Designed for specific purpose
Small and have limited hardware
Perform according to requirement
Electronics i.e. PDA, mobile etc.
Home devices i.e. microwaves
Process controllers and robotics i.e. blood
pressure monitors
GENERATIONS OF
COMPUTERS
INTRODUCTION
Each generation of computer is
characterized by a major technological
development that fundamentally changed the
way computers operate, resulting in
increasingly smaller, cheaper, more powerful
and more efficient and reliable devices.
FIRST GENERATION,
1946 – 1957: The Vacuum Tube
The first generation of computers, characterized by vacuum tubes,
started in 1946 with the creation of -
UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) – a tabulating machine which
won the contest for the fastest machine which could count the US
1890 census.
VACUUM TUBES – electronic tubes about the size of light bulbs.
DRAWBACKS
They generate more heat causing
many problems in temperature
regulation and climate control.
Tubes were subject to frequent burn-
out.
SECOND GENERATION,
1958 – 1963: The Transistor
The year 1958 marked the
invention of transistors, which
characterized the second
generation of computers.
TRANSISTOR – was a three-
legged component which shrunk
the size of the first generation
computers. Occupied only 1/100th
of the space occupied by a
vacuum tube
More reliable, had greater
computational speed, required no
warm-up time and consumed far
less electricity.
THIRD GENERATION,
1964 – 1970: The Integrated Circuit
Third generation computers arose in 1964 with the
invention of smaller electronic circuits called integrated
circuits (IC’S)
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS – are square silicon chips
containing circuitry that can perform the functions of
hundreds of transistors.
ADVANTAGES
RELIABILITY – Unlike vacuum tubes, silicon will not
break down easily. It is very seldom that you will have to
replace it.
LOW COST – Silicon chips are relatively cheap because
of their small size and availability in the market. It also
consumes less electricity.
FOURTH GENERATION,
1971 – present: The Microprocessor
Marked by the use of microprocessor
MICROPROCESSOR – is a silicon chip that
contains the CPU – part of the computer
where all processing takes place.
4004 chip – was the first microprocessor
introduced by Intel Corporation.
ADVANTAGES
Faster, more powerful, tremendous data storage
and processing capacity
New brands and models would come out the
market almost every other month.
Many clones or imitations of the IBM have
become even more powerful and a lot cheaper.
FIFTH GENERATION-AI
(Present and future)
Based on Artificial intelligence
Some applications are voice recognition,
robotics and game playing etc.
USES OF COMPUTERS
Computers became more affordable
Computers can now be found in homes, schools, offices
etc.
There has been a tremendous improvement in software
technology
Different software applications to choose from: word
processing, spreadsheets, database management,
games and entertainment.
Computer subjects are now being offered not just to
college students but even to high school and elementary.
Computers are now used as an aid in teaching math,
science etc.
ICT –INFORMATION
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
Refers to all type of technologies that are
used to create , access and process
information.
Combination of information technology and
communication technology
Provides facilities for collaboration,
messaging, calendaring, instant messaging,
audio, video and web conferencing etc.