Seminar
On
AUTOMATIC
STREET LIGHT
[Link]
412517106169
Content
RELAY
VOLTAGE REGULATOR
FUSE
LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR
RESISTOR
TRANSISTOR
BATTERY
References
BLOCK DIAGRAM
Relay
Relay is an electromagnetic device which is used to isolate two circuits electrically and
connect them magnetically.
They are very useful devices and allow one circuit to switch another one while they are
completely separate.
They are often used to interface an electronic circuit (working at a low voltage) to an
electrical circuit which works at very high voltage.
For example, a relay can make a 5V DC battery circuit to switch a 230V AC mains
circuit. Thus a small sensor circuit can drive, say, a fan or an electric bulb.
A relay switch can be divided into two parts: input and output.
VOLTAGE REGULATOR
It is a voltage regulator (7805) integrated circuit. It is a member of 78xx series of
fixed linear voltage regulator ICs. The voltage source in a circuit may have fluctuations
and would not give the fixed voltage output.
The voltage regulator IC maintains the output voltage at a constant value. The xx in
78xx indicates the fixed output voltage it is designed to provide. It provides +9V
regulated power supply.
Capacitors of suitable values can be connected at input and output pins depending upon
the respective voltage levels.
FUSE[1A]
Fuse is an electronics safety device placed in a circuit consisting of a replaceable
plug or tube containing wire or metal that will melt and break the circuit if the
current exceeds a specified amperage.
Blow a fuse: to cause an electrical fuse to melt.
LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR
An LDR (Light dependent resistor), as its name suggests, offers resistance in
response to the ambient light.
The resistance decreases as the intensity of incident light increases, and vice
versa.
In the absence of light, LDR exhibits a resistance of the order of mega-ohms
which decreases to few hundred ohms in the presence of light.
It can act as a sensor, since a varying voltage drop can be obtained in accordance
with the varying light.
It is made up of cadmium sulphide (CdS).
An LDR has a zigzag cadmium sulphide track. It is a bilateral device, i.e.,
conducts in both directions in same fashion.
RESISTOR
Resistor is a passive component used to control current in a circuit.
Its resistance is given by the ratio of voltage applied across its
terminals to the current passing through it.
Thus a particular value of resistor, for fixed voltage, limits the current
through it.
They are omnipresent in electronic circuits.
Resistors can be either fixed or variable.
The low power resistors are comparatively smaller in size than high
power resistors.
TRANSISTOR
BC107 is an NPN bi-polar junction transistor. A transistor, stands for transfer of
resistance, is commonly used to amplify current.
A small current at its base controls a larger current at collector & emitter terminals.
BC107 is mainly used for amplification and switching purposes. It has a maximum
current gain of 800.
The transistor terminals require a fixed DC voltage to operate in the desired region of
its characteristic curves. This is known as the biasing.
The voltage divider is the commonly used biasing mode.
For switching applications, transistor is biased so that it remains fully on if there is a
signal at its base.
In the absence of base signal, it gets completely off.
TRANSISTOR[SL100]
SL100 is a general purpose, medium power NPN transistor. It is mostly used as switch
in common emitter configuration.
The transistor terminals require a fixed DC voltage to operate in the desired region of
its characteristic curves. This is known as the biasing.
For switching applications, SL100 is biased in such a way that it remains fully on if
there is a signal at its base. In the absence of base signal, it gets turned off completely.
The emitter leg of SL100 is indicated by a protruding edge in the transistor case. The
base is nearest to the emitter while collector lies at other extreme of the casing.
BATTERY
It is a collection of one or more electrochemical cells in which stored chemical energy
is converted into electrical energy.
One half cell houses the Anode to which the positive ions migrate from the
Electrolyte and the other houses the Cathode to which the negative ones drift.
The two cells are may be connected via a semi permeable membranous structure
allowing ions to flow but not the mixing of electrolytes as in the case of most primary
cells or in the same solution as in secondary cells.
The performance of the cell continues to dip gradually as the concentration of ions in
the solutions decrease, marked by an increase in internal resistance eventually leading to
the exhaustion of the battery.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
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