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Understanding Quantum Numbers and Orbitals

The document discusses quantum numbers which are values that describe the characteristics of an electron in an atom, including the principal quantum number (n) which defines the main shell, the azimuthal quantum number (l) which defines the subshell shape, and the magnetic quantum number (ml) which defines orbital orientation. The quantum numbers are used to determine properties like electron configuration, orbital types, and the number of nodes in an orbital which are regions where the probability of finding an electron is zero. The periodic table arrangement is based on the electron configurations derived from the quantum numbers.

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Kim Quijano
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63 views11 pages

Understanding Quantum Numbers and Orbitals

The document discusses quantum numbers which are values that describe the characteristics of an electron in an atom, including the principal quantum number (n) which defines the main shell, the azimuthal quantum number (l) which defines the subshell shape, and the magnetic quantum number (ml) which defines orbital orientation. The quantum numbers are used to determine properties like electron configuration, orbital types, and the number of nodes in an orbital which are regions where the probability of finding an electron is zero. The periodic table arrangement is based on the electron configurations derived from the quantum numbers.

Uploaded by

Kim Quijano
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Quantum numbers and

Periodic table

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What is an orbital?

• It is the space around the nucleus in which the electron is found with
a probability of 90%.
• The electron spends 90% of its time in that space.

90%

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Different shapes of orbitals

s p

d f

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university

1 2 3
Faculty of
Main
Faculty of art Faculty of science shells
engineering

a b c d e f g
sub-
Arabic Engl. Mech civil chem phys Math
shells

a b g b g b g b g b g b g

D M B M B M B M B M B M B

Each student in the university is defined by a set of symbols:


A Math student in the master program has the set: 3 gb
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Similarly, electrons in atom are specified by a set of numbers, the
quantum numbers:

The Quantum Numbers


name symbol values Physical significance

-Gives the main shell in which the electron


exists.
Principal Quantum Number n 1, 2, 3, 4, …….
-Determines largely the energy of the electron.

-Determines the size of the orbital.

-Gives the subshell in which the electron exists.


Azimuthal (secondary,
angular moment) Quantum ℓ 0, 1, 2, …, (n-1) -contributes to energy of electron.
Number
-Determines the shape of the orbital

Magnetic Quantum Number mℓ -ℓ, …, 0, … +ℓ -Determines the orientation of orbital in space

Spin Quantum Number ms +/- 1/2 -orientation of rotation of electron around itself.

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l-value orbital type Main shell
n-value
0 s designation

1 p 1 K

2 d 2 L

3 f 3 M

4 g 4 N

5 h 5 O

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n ℓ mℓ No. of No. of
(n-1) (-ℓ, …, +ℓ) orbitals electrons
1 0 (s) 0 1 2 2

2 0 (s) 0 1 2 8
1 (p) -1, 0, 1 3 6
3 0 (s) 0 1 2
1 (p) -1, 0, 1 3 6 18
2 (d) -2, 1, 0, 1, 2 5 10
4 0 (s) 0 1 2
1 (p) -1, 0, 1 3 6
2 (d) -2, 1, 0, 1, 2 5 10 32
3 (f) -3, -2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3 7 14
2n2
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Nodes: Regions where electrons are not allowed to be present in.
Electron Probability of being there is zero.

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3p
1 node

3s: 3-0-1=2 nodes


Number of nodes: n-ℓ-1
2s: 2-0-1=1 node
1s: 1-0-1= 0 node
2p: 2-1-1= 0 node
3p: 3-1-1=1 node
3d: 3-2-1=0 node
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