HEAT ENGINE
TARUNA VARGHESE
TA, CDST-KLMD
CARNOT ENGINE
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HEAT ENGINE
CHEM ENERGY OF FUELS
THERMAL ENERGY OF FUELS
MECHANICAL ENERGY (MOVEMENT OF WHEELS)
PARTS
Nomenclature
1. Cylindrical bore: Internal dia. of cylinder
2. TDC/IDC: Extreme position of the piston at
the top of the cylinder
3. BDC/ODC: Extreme position of the piston at
the bottom of the cylinder
4. Stroke: Travel of the piston from one dead
center to the other.
5. Swept volume: Volume of the cylinder
between the two dead centers
6. Clearence volume: Volume of cylinder in
between the top dead center and the cylinder
head
7. Compression ratio: Ratio of the volume of
cylinder b/w BDC and the cylinder head to
the clearance volume
Camshaft and Crankshaft
• Camshaft: Converts rotory motion to reciprocating motion. Used in
controlling the inlet and outlet valve (opening timings)
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• Crankshaft: Converts reciprocating motion to rotory motion. Used to
converts piston movement to rotory motion
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External Internal
Combustion Combustion
Arrangement of
Ignition system Type of fuel Working cycle No. of strokes No. of cylinders Cooling system
engine cylinder
Spark ignition Single cylinder
Gas engine Otto engine 4 stroke engine Vertical engine Air cooled
(SI) engines
Compression Multi cylinder Horizontal
Petrol engine Diesel engine 2 stroke engine Water cooled
ignition (CI) engines engine
Dual
Diesel engine combustion Radial engine
engine
Opposite
Dual-fuel engine
cylinder engine
4-STROKE ENGINE WORKING
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• 4 strokes
a. Suction stroke: Piston moves from TDC to BDC creating vacuum in the
cylinder. Inlet valve opens and air-fuel mixture (in case of petrol
engine)/air (in case of diesel engine) enters the cylinder
b. Compression stroke: Piston moves from BDC to TDC. Both valves closed
and air mixture is compressed. (Fuel is sprayed via fuel injector for diesel
engine)
c. Combustion and power stroke/ Working stroke: Air fuel mixture is ignited
(by spray plug in petrol engine) or by auto ignition in diesel engine. Hot
gases now expands and piston moves to BDC. Power is obtained from
this stroke. At the end of this stroke, heat is rejected to the surroundings.
d. Exhaust stroke: Inlet valve remains closed and exhaust valve opens that
pushes the burnt gases out of the cylinder
Air Burnt gases
Inlet valve mixture
Spark plug
(petrol engine)/
Fuel injector
(diesel engine)
Outlet valve
DIFFERENCE B/W DIESEL AND
PETROL ENGINE
SL NO. Petrol engine Diesel engine
1. Ignition system Spark ignition Compression ignition
2. Cycle Otto cycle (Const. volume cycle) Diesel cycle (Const. pressure cycle)
3. Fuel introduction Fuel & air are mixed together and Fuel introduced as fine spray into the
introduced into the cylinder cylinder filled with air
4. Combustion Instantaneous Fuel introduced in the middle of
compression stroke and extends to
combustion stroke
4. Fuel economy Better Less
5. Comp. ratio 6-10 16-20
6. Weight Less heavier Heavier
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7. Cost Less High
TWO STROKE ENGINE
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Working
i. Ignition and induction: Piston towards the TDC. The exhaust port
and transfer port covered by piston. Combustion of fuel takes place
Air-fuel mixture enters the crankcase via inlet port
ii. Expansion and pre-compression: Expansion of gases covers inlet
valve and compresses the fresh feed (to 80%). Exhaust valve get
uncovered
iii. Exhaust and transference: Piston moves to BDC. Transfer port get
uncovered and fresh fuel get transferred from crank case to cylinder.
Complete exhaust of gases takes place.
iv. Compression and intake: Piston moves from BDC, compression of
fuel takes place. It covers transfer port and then the exhaust port.
DIFFERENCE B/W 2 STROKE AND 4
STROKE ENGINE
2 stroke engine 4 stroke engine
1. Power required More (30% more) Less
2. Construction Simple, low initial cost Complicated, higher cost
3. Efficiency Chances of mixing of fresh and exhaust Efficiency less
gases. So, higher fuel consumption
4. Heat dissipation Greater dissipation of heat and permit Engine run at lower speed
engine to run at higher speed