SPEED

MATHEMATICS
Prepared By:
KRISHNA PRASAD K
Assistant Professor
Srinivas Institute of Management Studies
Srinivas Campus
Pandeshwar
Mangalore-575001
 Memory Power-(Optical Illusion)
How Many people you can see in figure

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 2

 Why Speed Mathematics?
❖ It helps a person to solve problems 10-15 times faster.
❖ It reduces burden (Need to learn tables up to nine only)

❖ It provides one line answer.

❖ It is a magical tool to reduce scratch work and finger

counting.

❖ It increases concentration.
❖ Time saved can be used to answer more questions.

❖ Logical thinking process gets enhanced.

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 3

 Miscellaneous
Simple Method

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 4

 Squaring of Numbers Ending With ‘5’
(last digits add to ten)
❖Conventional ❖Speed Method
Method
65 X 65 = 4225
'multiply the previous
65 X 65
digit 6 by one more
65
than itself .
X65
Multiply last digits viz.
325
(5x5) and write down
390 25 to the right of 42
4225 viz. (6x7)

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 5

 Squaring of Numbers Ending With ‘5’-
Example
6x7 6 5 5x5
(10th (Product
place
of Unit
number X
next 6 5 Place
number) Digits)

42 25

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 6

 Squaring of numbers between 50 and
60
• Method:
• Add 25 to the digit in the unit place and put it
left hand part of the answer
• Square the digits in the unit place and put it as
the right hand part of the answer (if it is single
digit then convert it to two digits)

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 7

Squaring of numbers between 50 and 60-
Example

25+7 5 7 7x7
(25+Digit (Square of
in Unit the digits
Place) in Unit
5 7 place)

32
49

3249
October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 8
 Multiplication of Numbers with a
series of 9’s
Subtract 1 from 654
654 and put it on left side
of the answer
X 999
9
653 346
Subtract Each of the 6 5 3
Digit (653) from nine
viz. 9-6, 9-5, 9-3 3 4 6

Case 1: Multiplying a number with an equal number of

nines
October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 9
 Multiplication of Numbers with a
series of 9’s (Cont.)
Subtract 1 from 45 and
045 put it on left side of the
answer (add 0 to 45 &
X 999 write it as 045)
9
044 955
Subtract Each of the 0 4 4
Digit (044) from nine
viz. 9-0, 9-4, 9-4 9 5 5

Case 2: Multiplying a number with higher number of

nines
October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 10
 Multiplication of Numbers with a
series of 9’s (Cont.)
654 X 99 Multiply 654 with
65400 (100-1). First Multiply
654 with 100 & then
- 654 subtract from it 654

64746

Case 2a: Multiplying a number with higher number of

nines (Digits in first number more than the number of 9’s
October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 11
 Multiplication of Numbers with a
series of 1’s-Example-1
First we write the right-hand most digit 2
32 of first number as it is. (Answer = ______2)
X 11 Next, we add 2 to the number in left 3 and
write 5. (Answer = _____52)
352 Last, we write the left-hand most digit 3 as
it is. (Answer = 352)

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 12

 Multiplication of Numbers with a
series of 1’s-Example-2
First we write the right-hand most digit 2
652 of first number as it is. (Answer = ______2)
X 11 Next, we add 2 to 5 and write 7.
(Answer is _____72)
7172 Next, we add 5 to 6 and make it 11. We
write down 1 and carry over 1.
(Answer = 172)
Last, we take 6 and add the one carried
over to make it 7. (Final answer = 7172)

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 13

 Multiplication of Numbers with a
series of 1’s-Example-3
We write down 2 as it is. (Answer =_____2)
3102
We add 2 to 0 and make it 2.(Answer is__22
X 11
We add 0 to 1 and make it 1. (Answer is __122
34122 We add 1 to 3 and make it 4 (Answer is____4122

We write first digit 3 as it is (Final Answer is 34122

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 14

 Multiplication of Numbers with a
series of 1’s-Example-4
We write down 2 in the unit place as it is. (2)
201432We move to the left and add (2+3) and write 5
We move to the left and add (2+3+4) and write 9
X 111
We move to the left and add (3+4+1) and write 8
We move to the left and add (4+1+0) and write 5
22358952
We move to the left and add (1+0+2) and write 3
We move to the left and add (0+2) and write 2
We move to the left and write the single digit 2 as it is –Final
answer 22358952

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 15

 Multiplication of Numbers with a
series of 1’s-Example-5
We write down 2 in the unit place as it is. -2
210432 Add (2+3) =5 -52
Add (2+3+4) =9 -952
X 1111
Add (2+3+4+0) =9 -9952
Add (3+4+0+1) =8 -89952
223789952
Add (4+0+1+2) =7 -789952
Add (0+1+2) =3 -3789952
Add (1+2) =3 -23789952
Add (2) =2 233789952

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 16

Multiplication of numbers with a series
of similar digits in multiplier
Carefully
Multiply 333 by 222
observe the
Logic applied
333 X 222 Here
=333 X 2 X 111 (Because 222 is
Multiplied by 111)
=666 X 111 (because 333
multiplied by 2 is 666) 666
X111
73926

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 17

Subtraction using the rule ‘All from 9 and
last from 10’ (used for power of 10)
Subtract 54.36 from 1000
Vedic Method
Conventional Method 9-5=4
100.00 9-4=5
- 54.36 9-3=6
45.64 10-6=4
Generally start from right and
subtract 6 from 0. We realize Start from Left
that it is not possible to
subtract 6 from 0 so we move
& subtract all
number to the left and then from 9 and the
borrow and give it to 0 and so last from 10
on.

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 18

 Mental Calculation of Numbers-
Addition
4639 +1235
Start from left to
right, keep 4639
as it is in your
4639 +1000=5639 mind . Break up
This 5639+200=5839 second number
5839+30=5869
And 5869 +5 =5874.

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 19

 Mental Calculation of Numbers-
Subtraction
7580 - 4142
Start from left to
right, keep 7580
as it is in your
4142 (4000 + 100+40 +2) mind . Break up
second number
7580-4000=3580
3580-100=3480
3480-40=3448
3480-2=3438

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 20

 Mental Calculation of Numbers-
Multiplication
76 X 7
Mentally break up
the number 76 as
70 + 6 and then
70 + 6 multiply each of
these values by 7

7 + 7 70 x 7 is 490
6 X 7 is 42
490+42= (490 +10 +32)
490+10=500
500+32=532

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 21

 Fractions, percentage & Decimals
Number Fractional Value Decimal value

With 2 1/2 0.5

With 3 1/3 0.33
2/3 0.67
With 4 1/4 0.25
2/4 0.5
3/4 0.75
With 5 1/5 0.2
2/5 0.4
3/5 0.6
4/5 0.8
With 6 1/6 0.16
2/6 0.33
3/6 0.50
4/6 0.67
5/6 0.83
October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 22
Fractions, percentage & Decimals(cont.)

Number Fractional Value Decimal value

With 7 1/7 0.14 (approx)

2/7 0.28
3/7 0.42
4/7 0.57
5/7 0.71
6/7 0.85
With 8 1/8 0.125
2/8 0.250
3/8 0.375
4/8 0.50
5/8 0.625
6/8 0.750
7/8 0.875

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 23

Fractions, percentage & Decimals(cont.)
Number Fractional Value Decimal value

With 9 1/9 0.11

2/9 0.22
3/9 0.33
4/9 0.44
5/9 0.55
6/9 0.66
7/9 0.77
8/9 0.88

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 24

 Exercises
2. Find the squares of the
1. Find the product in the following following numbers between 50
numbers whose last digits add to & 60
ten 56
45 X 45 52
95 X 95 57
111 X 119 58
107 X 103 54
123 X 147
88 X 92
65 X 65

3. Find the sum of following 4. Find the product of the

numbers using mental following numbers which are
calculations multiplied by a series of ones
567 X 999 32221 X 11
23249 X 99999 64609 X 11
66 X 9999 12021 X 111
302 X 99999 80041 X 111
412 X 99 900021X 111
October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 25
 Exercises (Cont.)
5. Find the product in the following
6. Subtract the following numbers
numbers which are multiplied by a
from a given power of ten
series of same numbers
7005 X 77 1000-675.43
10000-7609.98
1234 X 22
10000-666
2222 X 222
1000-2.653
1203 X 333
10000-2.876
1407 X 444
1212 X 666
9. Find the product
of the following
8. Find the difference
7. Find the sum of following numbers using
of the following
numbers using mental mental calculation
numbers using mental
calculations 88 X 7
calculation
10980+5680 99 X 8
34576-4320
11764+6480 66 X6
5734-2200
23452+5730 44 X 9
89765-3478

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 26

 CRISS-CROSS
SYSTEM OF
MULTIPLICATION

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 27

 Criss-Cross System of Multiplication
❖This the general formula applicable to all
cases of multiplication.
❖It means ‘Vertically and cross-wise’

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 28

 Criss-Cross Multiplication-2 digits
numbers
❖Vedic Method A B
46 Step 1: B X D
C D
X43 A B
Step 2: A X D
1978 +B X C
C D

❖Step 1: 6×3=18, write down 8 and carry 1 A B Step c: A X C

❖Step 2: 4×3 + 6×4 = 12+24=36, add to it
previous carry over value 1, so we have 37, C D
now write down 7 and carry 3
❖Step 3: 4×4=16, add previous carry over
value of 3 to get 19, write it down.
❖So we have 1978 as the answer.

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 29

 Criss-Cross Multiplication-3 digits
numbers
❖Vedic Method A B C
CXF
D E F
A B C
103 BXF+CXE
D E F
X 105
A B C AXF+CXD+
1 0, 8 1 5 BXE
D E F

A B C
AXE+BXD
D E F
A B C
AXD

October 26, 2015 D

Speed Mathematics E F 30
 Criss-Cross Multiplication-4 digits
numbers
A B C D
Step 1: D X H
E F G H

A B C D
Step 2: C X H + G X D
E F G H

A B C D Step 3: B X H + F X D + C X G

E F G H

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 31

Criss-Cross Multiplication-4 digits numbers (Cont.)
A B C D
Step 4: (E X D) + (A X H) + (B X G) + (C X F)
E F G H

A B C D
Step 5: (A X G) + (C X E) + (B X F)
E F G H

A B C D
Step 6: A X F + B X E
E F G H

Step 7: A X E
A B C D

E F G H
October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 32
 Criss-Cross Multiplication-5 digits
numbers
A B C D E

Step 1: E X J
F G H I J

A B C D E
Step 2: D X J + E X I

F G H I J

A B C D E Step 3: B X H + F X D + C X G

E F G H I

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 33

 Criss-Cross Multiplication-5 digits
numbers (Cont.)
A B C D E
Step 4: (B X J) + (G X E) + (C X I)
+ (H X D)
F G H I J

A B C D E
Step 5: (A X J) + (F X E) + (D X J)
+ (B X I) + G X D + C X H
F G H I J

Step 6: (A X H) + (E X D)
A B C D E
+ (BX G) + (F X C)

E F G H I

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 34

 Criss-Cross Multiplication-5 digits
numbers (Cont.)
A B C D E

Step 7: A X H + C X F + B X G
F G H I J

A B C D E
Step 8: A X G + B X F

F G H I J

A B C D E Step 9: A X E

E F G H I

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 35

 Characteristics of Criss-Cross
Multiplication
❖The Number of steps used for any multiplication can be
found using the formula ‘(2 X number of digits)-1
❖If there are unequal number of digits in multiplicand
and multiplier, they should be made equal by inserting
0’s at the appropriate places
❖The number of steps used will be always an odd
number
❖In this first and last step, second and second-to-last and
so on are mirror image of each other

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 36

 Exercises
PART A
(a) 23 X 12 (b) 34 X 11 (c)33 X 21 (d) 41 X 13
(e) 211 X 320 (f) 222 X 111 (g) 303 X 210
(h)1111 X 1111
PART B
(a) 44 X 22 (b) 33 X41 (c) 91 X 31 (d) 24 X 51
(e) 358 X 111 (f) 423 X 202 (g) 801 X 601
(h) 2323 X 3232

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 37

 Squaring
Numbers

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 38

 Squaring Numbers
❖Vedic Method
23
X23
529

❖Step 1: 3×3=9, write down 9

❖Step 2: 2×3 + 2×3 = 6+6=12, write down
2 and carry 1
Step 3: 2×2=4, add previous carry over value
of 1 to get 5, write it down.
❖So we have 529 as the answer.

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 39

 Squaring Numbers (Cont.)- Formula
Method
❖(a+ b) 2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
❖(a- b) 2 = a2 - 2ab + b2
❖(a2 - b2) = (a + b) (a - b)
Therefore a2 = (a + b) (a - b) + b2

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 40

 Formula Method-Example1
❖Find Square of 1009 & 995
(10+ 9) 2 = (1000)2 + 2(1000) (9) + (9)2
=1000000 + 18000 + 81
=1018081

(1000- 5) 2 = (1000)2 - 2(1000) (5) + (5)2

=1000000 - 10000 + 25
=990025

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 41

 Formula Method-Example2
❖Find Square of 72
(72) 2 = (72 + b) + (72-b) Substitute the value
+ (b)2 of b with such a
=(72 + 2) (72-2) + (2)2 number that the
=(74) (70) + 4 whole equation
becomes easy to
=(70 X 70) + (4 X 70) +4 solve.
=4900 + 280 + 4
=Thus square of 72 is
5184

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 42

 Exercises
❖ Find the square of the following numbers using the Criss-
cross System.
❖ 45 66 118
❖ Find the Square of the numbers using the formula for (a+ b) 2
❖ 206 3005 5050
❖ Find the Square of the numbers using the formula for (a- b) 2
❖ 8991 9900 1090
❖ Find the Square of the numbers using the formula for (a2 -
b2) = (a + b) (a - b)
❖ 92 82 109 97 99

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 43

 Cube Root of Perfect
Cubes

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 44

 Cube Root of Perfect Cubes

1 1 Note that all cube

2 8 roots end with same
3 27
number as their
4 64
5 125 corresponding cubes
6 216 except 3 & 7 and 8 &
7 343 2 which end with
8 512 each other
9 729
10 1000

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 45

 Cube Root of Perfect Cubes -Example
Find the cube root of 287496
❖ Step 1: We shall represent the number as
❖ 287 496
❖ Step 2: Cube root ends with 6, thus answer at this stage is
___6
❖ Step 3: To find the left hand of answer we take number
which lies left of the slash is 287
❖ Step 4: Find the two perfect cubes between which the
number 287 lies in the number line (216 <287 <343) viz.
between 6 & 7
❖ Step 5: Out of the above 2 numbers, take smallest one viz.
6 we write answer as 66
❖ Thus 66 is cube root of 287496

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 46

Cube Root of Perfect Cubes (Cont.)
Note:-
❖When ever a cube is given to you calculate its
cube root, you must put a slash before the last
three digits
❖Number of digits in cube is immaterial

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 47

 Traditional Method Comparison
2 262144
2 131072
2 65536
The Vedic Method
2 32768 262 144 = 64
2 16384
2 8192
2 4096
2 2048
2 1024
2 256
2 128
2 64
2 32
2 16
2 8
2 4
2 2
1

2 X 2 X 2 X 2 X 2 X 2 = 64
October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 48
 Exercises
❖ Find the cube root of the following numbers with the
aid of writing material
❖ (a) 970299 (b) 658503 (c) 314432 (d) 110592
❖ (e) 466566 (f) 5832 (g) 421875 (h) 1030301
❖ (i) 857375 (j) 592704

❖ Find the cube root of the following numbers without

the aid of writing material
❖ (a) 132651 (b) 238328 (c) 250047 (d) 941192
❖ (e) 474552 (f) 24389 (g) 32768 (h) 9261
❖ (i) 59319 (j)74088 (k) 10648

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 49

 Square Roots of
Perfect Squares

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 50

 Square Roots of Perfect Squares
Compare last digit of
1 1 the square and
2 4 square Root
3 9
4 16 1 1 or 9
5 25 4 2 or 8
6 36 9 3 or 7
7 49 6 4 or 6
8 64 5 5
9 81
10 100
0 0

A perfect square will never end with the digits 2,3, 7, 8

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 51

 Square Root-Example
❖ Find the square root of 7744.
❖ Step 1: The number 7744 ends with 4. Therefore
square root ends with __2 or __8.
❖ Step 2: Take complete Number 7744
❖ Step 3: 7744 lies between 6400 (which is square of 80)
and 8100 (which is square of 90)
❖ Step 4: From Step 2 we know that square root ends
with 2 or 8. Of all the numbers between 80 & 90 (81,
82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89). Thus out of 82 & 89 one
is the correct answer
❖ Step 5: Observe the Number (7744) is ether closer to
6400 or 8400. It is closer to 8400 . So Answer is 88.

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 52

 Traditional Method
Comparison

2 576 The Vedic Method

2 288
2 144 20= 400 24
2 72
2 36 576
2 18
2 9
30= 900 26
3 3
3 1

2 X 2 X 2 X 3 = 24

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 53

 Exercises
❖Find the square roots of the following numbers
with the aid of writing material
❖(a) 9216 (b) 7569 (c) 5329 (d) 3364
❖(e) 1681 (f) 1081 (g) 2304
❖Find the square roots of the following numbers
without the aid of writing material
❖(a) 9801 (b) 5625 (c) 1936 (d) 3481 (e) 1369
❖Find the square roots of the following numbers
with or without the aid of writing material
❖(a) 12769 (b) 15625 (c) 23104 (d) 11881
❖(e) 17689

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 54

 Base Method
of
Multiplication
October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 55
 Base Method of Multiplication
❖“All from 9 and the last from 10”

❖This formula can be very effectively applied

in multiplication of numbers, which are
nearer to bases like 10, 100, 1000 i.e., to the
powers of 10 (eg: 96 x 98 or 102 x 104).

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 56

 Steps
1. Find the Base and Difference
2. Number of Digits on the RHS= Number of
zeros in the base
3. Multiply the difference on the RHS
4. Put the cross answer on the LHS

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 57

 Case I-when both the numbers are
lower than the base Step 3:
Multiply the
❖Find 97 X 99 97-3
difference in
RHS
Step 1: Find
97-3 99-1
base and
99-1 difference.
03 Step 4: Put
Base is 100 the cross
answer in
LHS (97-1 or
97-3 Step 2: 97-3 99-3)
99-1 Number of 99-1
Digits in RHS
=Number of 96 03
zeros in base

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 58

 Case II-when both the numbers are
above the base Step 3:
Multiply the
❖Find 1007 X 1010 1007+7
difference in
RHS
Step 1: Find 1010+10
1007+7 base and
1010+10 difference. 070 Step 4: Put
Base is 1000 the cross
answer in LHS
(1007+10 or
1010+7)
1007+7
1010+10 Step 2: 1007+7
Number of 1010+10
Digits in RHS
=Number of 1017 070
zeros in base
October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 59
Case III-when the number of digits in RHS
exceeds number of zeros in the base
Step 3:
Multiply the

❖Find 950 X 950

difference in
950-50 RHS and move
950-50 carry to LHS
Step 1: Find
950-50 base and
950-50 difference. 2500
Base is 1000 Step 4: Put
the cross
answer in LHS
(950-50 )
950-50 &carry 2
950-50 Step 2: 950-50
Number of 950-50
Digits in RHS
=Number of 902 500
zeros in base
October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 60
Case IV-Multiplying a number above the
base with number below the base
Step 3:
Multiply the
❖Find 95 X 115 95-5
difference on
RHS
Step 1: Find 115+15
95-5 base and
115+15 difference. (-75)
Base is 100 Step 4:
Multiply the
LHS with base
and subtract
95-5 RHS
115+15 Step 2:
Number of =110 X 100-75
Digits in RHS =11000-75
=Number of =10975
zeros in base
October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 61
Case V-Multiplying numbers with different
bases Step 3:
Multiply the
❖Find 85 X 995 850-150
difference on
RHS
Step 1: 995-5
850-150 Multiply 85
995-5 by 10 to 750
make bases Step 4: Put
same the cross
answer in LHS
(850-5 or
850-150 990-5)
995-5 Step 2: 850-50
Number of 995-50
Digits in RHS Final
=Number of 845 750 Answer=
zeros in base
845750/10
October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 62
=84575
 Case VI- When the base is not power of
ten
❖Two bases are maintained-Actual Base and
Working Base
❖Actual base is power of 10
❖Working base will be obtained by dividing or
multiplying the actual base by a suitable
number
❖Eg: Actual Base: 10, 100, 1000, etc.
❖Eg: Working Base: 40, 60, 500, 250, etc.

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 63

 Example
Method 1 Method 2
Actual Base = 100 Actual Base = 10
Working Base=100/2 = 50 Working Base=10 X 5 = 50
48 - 2 48 - 2
48 - 2 48 - 2
46/04 46/4
Final Answer 46/2 Final Answer 46 X 5
2304 230/4
2304

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 64

 Exercises
1. Multiply the following
(a) 990 X 994 (b) 999993 X 999999
(c) 102 X 10100 (d) 1050 X 1005 (e) 106 X 104
2. Multiply the following numbers when the answer
in RHS exceeds the number of zeros in the base
(a) 16 X 17 (b) 1500 X 1040 (c) 9300 X 9500
(d) 860 X 997
3. Calculate the product of the Following (one
number is above the base and the other number is
below the base
(a) 96 X 104 (b) 890 X 1004 (c) 10080 X 9960
(d) 970 X 1010

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 65

 Exercises (Cont.)
4. Multiply the following numbers using
different bases.
(a) 73 X 997 (b) 94 X 990 (c) 82 X 9995
(b) (d) 102 X 1010 (e) 104 X 1020 (f) 12 X 109
5. Multiply the numbers using actual and
working base
(a) 49 X 48 (b) 22 X 22 (c) 53 X 49 (d) 18 X 17
(e) 499 X 496 (f) 32 X 34
October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 66
 Base method for
Squaring

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 67

 Base method for Squaring
❖‘Whatever the extent of its deficiency, lessen
it to the same extent and also set up the
square of deficiency’
❖The first part says that Whatever the extent of
its deficiency, lessen it to the same extent
❖The Second part simply says- square the
deficiency

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 68

Base Method for Squaring-Example
Step 3:
❖Find square of 97 Multiply the
difference in
97-3 RHS
Step 1: Find
97-3 97-3
base and
97-3 difference.
03
Base is 100 Step 4: Put
the cross
answer in
97-3 Step 2: 97-3 LHS (97-3)
97-3 Number of 97-3
Digits in RHS
=Number of 94 09
zeros in base

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 69

 Exercises
1. Find the square of the following numbers
using Yavadunam Rule.
(a) 7 (b) 95 (c) 986 (d) 1025 (e) 1012 (f) 999
2. (a) 85 (b) 880 (c) 910 (d) 18 (e) 1120 (f)
2102
3. (a) 22 (b) 203 (c) 303 (d) 405 (e) 498
(f) 225 (g) 247

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 70

 Digit-Sum Method

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 71

 Digit- Sum Method
❖This method is used for quick checking of
answer rather than quick calculation.
❖This technique has wonderful different
applications in competitive exams as they are
already provided with four alternatives to
every answer.
❖This can be used to check answers involving
multiplication, division, addition, subtraction,
squares, square roots, cube roots, etc.

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 72

 Example-1
• Find the digit sum of 2467539
• The number is 2467539.
• We add all the digits of that number.
• 2 + 4 + 6 + 7 + 5 + 3 + 9 = 36
• Now take number 36 and add its digits 3 + 6 = 9

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 73

Mathematical Operation Procedure for checking answer
Multiplication The digit sum of multiplicand when multiplied with the
digit sum of the multiplier should equal to the digit sum
of the product.

Division Use the formula dividend =divisor multiplied by quotient

+ remainder . (Use digit sum instead of actual numbers)
Addition The digit sum of the final sum should be equal to the
digit sum of all the numbers used in addition process.
Subtraction The digit sum of the smaller number as subtracted from
the digit sum of the bigger number should equal the digit
sum of the difference.

Squaring/Square Rooting The digit sum of the square root as multiplied by itself
should equal to the digit sum of the square.
E.g.: whether 23 is square root of 529. 5x5=25 =7(digit
sum of 25) . 529 digit sum. 16 =7(1+6).

cube/cube Rooting The digit sum cube-root when multiplied by itself and
once again by itself should equal to the digit sum of the
cube. E.g.: Whether 1331 is cube root of 11. 2 x 2x 2
October 26, 2015 =8 . 1+3+3+1=8.
Speed Mathematics 74
 Example-2
Verify Whether 467532 multiplied by 107777
equals 50389196364
The digit sum of 467532 = 4+6+7+5+3+2 is 9
The digit sum of 107777=29=9+2 is 11 is 2
When we multiply 9 by 2 we get 18. digit sum is 9
Digit sum of 50389196364 = 54=5+4 is 9
We can assume answer is correct because The
digit sum of multiplicand when multiplied with
the digit sum of the multiplier = digit sum of
product

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 75

 Example-3
• Verify whether 2308682040 divided by 36524
equals 63210.
• Dividend=divisor x Quotient +remainder
• The digit sum of dividend is 6
• The digit sum of divisor, quotient and
remainder is 2, 3, and 0 respectively.
• Since 6 = 2 x 3 + 0, we can assume our answer
is coorect

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 76

 Important points to be noted
• When calculating digit sum of a number, you
can eliminate all the nines and all the digits
that add up to nine.
• The elimination will have no effect on final
answer.
• Example- digit sum of 637281995
• =6+3+7+2+8+1+9+9+5
• =50 and again 5 + 0 = 5
• Now we will eliminate the numbers that add
up to 9 (6 & 3, 7 &2, 8 & 1 and also eliminate
the two 9’s)
October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 77
 Important points to be noted (Cont.)

• The digit sum method can only tell us

whether an answer is wrong or not. It cannot
tell us with complete accuracy whether an
answer is correct or not.
• However if the digit-sum of the answer does
not match with the digit sum of the question
then you can be 100% sure that the answer is
wrong.

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 78

 Exercises
1. Instantly calculate the digit sum of the
following
• (a) 23456789 (b)123456789 (c) 27690815
• (d)988655543 (e) 918273645
2. Verify whether the following answer are
correct or incorrect without actual
calculations
(a) 95123 x 66666 = 6341469918
(b) 838102050 divided by 12345 = 67890

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 79

 Exercises (Cont.)
• (c) 882 =744
• (d) 883 = 681472
• (e) 475210
• (f) 900/120m gives quotient 7 and reminder
60

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 80

 Magic Squares

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 81

 Magic Squares
❑‘Magic Squares’ is a term given to squares
which are filled with consecutive integers and
the total of whose rows, columns and
diagonals is always the same.
❑ In lower level competitive exams, questions
on magic squares are often asked.

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 82

 3 X 3 Magic Square

4 3 8 We can verify the various totals.

Row 1: 4 + 3+ 8 = 15
9 5 1 Row 2: 9 + 5 + 1 = 15
Row 3: 2 + 7 + 6 = 15
2 7 6 Column 1: 4 + 9 + 2 = 15
Column 2 : 3 + 5 + 7 =15
Column 3: 8 + 1+ 6 =15
Diagonal 1: 4 + 5 + 6 =15
Diagonal 2: 2 + 5 + 8 =15

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 83

 Rules to Construct Magic Square
1. Always put the number 1 in the centre most
square of the last column.
2. After inserting a number in a square move to the
square in the south east direction and fill it with
the next number.
3. If the square in the south-east direction cannot
be filled, then move to the square in the west
and fill it with the next number.
4. When you have filled a number in the last square
of the grid, fill the next number in the square to
its west.

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 84

 Direction

NORTH

WEST EAST

SOUTH-EAST

SOUTH

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 85

 Step by Step to Construct 3 x 3 Magic
Square

First, we follow the rule

1 and place the first
number 1 in the centre
1
most square of the last
column

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 86

 Step by Step to Construct 3 x 3 Magic
Square (Cont.)
We move south east
direction from square 1.
There is nothing in the
south-east direction. As
1
per the rules the digit 2
will come in imaginary
square (Dotted Square) .
Number 2 will be written
in a square farthest from
it in same direction.

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 87

 Step by Step to Construct 3 x 3 Magic
Square (Cont.)

We move south east

direction from square 2.
1 There is nothing in the
south-east direction. As
per the rules the digit 3
2 will come in imaginary
square (Dotted Square) .
Number 3 will be written
in a square farthest from
it in same direction.

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 88

 Step by Step to Construct 3 x 3 Magic
Square (Cont.)

Use rule 3. If the

3 square in the south-
east direction is
1 already filled, then
move to the square in
the west and fill it
2 with the next number.
viz. 4

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 89

 Step by Step to Construct 3 x 3 Magic
Square (Cont.)

4 3 Use rule 2. We move

south east direction
from square 4 and
1 fill it with next
number 5.
2

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 90

 Step by Step to Construct 3 x 3 Magic
Square (Cont.)

4 3 Use rule 2. We move

south east direction
from square 5 and
5 1 fill it with next
number 6.
2

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 91

 Step by Step to Construct 3 x 3 Magic
Square (Cont.)
Use rule 4. When
4 3 you have filled a
number in the last
square of the grid,
5 1 fill the next number,
7 in the square to its
2 6 west

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 92

 Step by Step to Construct 3 x 3 Magic
Square (Cont.)

We move south east

4 3
direction from square 7.
There is nothing in the
5 1 south-east direction. As
per the rules the digit 8
will come in imaginary
2 7 6 square (Dotted Square) .
Number 8 will be written
in a square farthest from
it in same direction.

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 93

 Step by Step to Construct 3 x 3 Magic
Square (Cont.)
We move south east
direction from square 8.
4 3 8 There is nothing in the
south-east direction. As
5 1 per the rules the digit 9
will come in imaginary
square (Dotted Square) .
2 7 6 Number 9 will be written
in a square farthest from
it in same direction.

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 94

 Step by Step to Construct 3 x 3 Magic
Square (Cont.)
All Squares of
the grid are
4 3 8 filled.

9 5 1

2 7 6

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 95

 Properties of Magic Square
(a) The number of rows and columns will always
equal. Using this rules only odd pair of magic
grid will be filled. Like 3x3, 5x5, 7x7. Not 2x2
or 4x4, etc.
(b) The first and last number always lie in the
same row and exactly opposite to each other.
(c) The total of any side can be found out by
multiplying the number in the center most
square of the grid with number of squares in
any side. In 3x3 grid center most number is 5.
number of squares in any side is 3. 5x3=15.
October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 96
Properties of Magic Square (Cont.)
(d) You can find out which number will come in
the centre most square of any grid by “Taking
the maximum number, dividing it by 2 and
rounding it off to the next higher number”
• E.g.: In 3x3 grid maximum number is 9.
9/2=4.5. i.e. 5
(e) There are many possible ways by which a
magic square can be made out of certain grid.
If we take 3x3 grid, then we can form a magic
square out of it in a few different manner as
shown below.
October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 97
Different possible ways of 3x3 Grid
4 3 8 8 1 6

9 5 1 3 5 7

2 7 6 4 9 2

6 7 2 2 9 4

1 5 9 7 5 3

8 3 4 6 1 8

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 98

 Exercises
❖Make a 3x3 grid using first 9 even numbers
(2,4,6,8….18)
❖Make a 5x5 grid
❖Make a 5x5 grid using multiplies of 3
(3,6,9,etc.)
❖Using the multiples of 5, make a 3x3 grid and
represent in four different ways.
❖Construct a 7x7 grid

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 99

 Dates & Calendars

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 100

 Dates & Calendars
• Single Year Calendar for year 2012
154 163 152 742
There are 12 numbers in the box
Each number represents month of the year
The number 1 represents January, the next number 5
represents February, the next number 4 represents
March and so on up to last number 2 which represents
December.

Here, 1 January is Sunday

2 February is a Sunday
4 March is a Sunday
1 April is s Sunday
And so on….
October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 101
 Technique
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
1 4 4 0 2 5 0 3 6 1 4 6

Remainder Day
Works only for the century 1901-2000
1 Sun
How to Remember (Using small Verse)
❖It’s the square of twelve 2 Mon
❖And the square of five 3 Tue
❖And the square of six 4 Wed
❖And one-four-six 5 Thu
6 Fri
Steps:
1. Take the last two digit of the year 7 Sat
2. Add the number of leap years from the beginning of the century
3. Add the month Key
4. Add the date
5. Divide the total by 7
6. Take the remainder and verify it with the day-key
October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 102
 Example
• What day is 1 Jan 1941
• First we take the last two digits of the year = 41
• We add to it the number of leap year from 1901
to 1941 = 10
• We add month key for January (refer to the
month-key) = 1
• We add the date(as given in the question) = 1
• Total = 53
• Divide 53 by 7 = quotient 7 and the reminder =4
• From the day key remainder 4 corresponds to
Wednesday

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 103

 Characteristics of Dates
❖There are exactly 52.1 weeks in a year.
❖In other words a year is made up of 52 complete
week and an extra day.
❖As every year progresses, a date moves a day
later.
❖Every 4 year’s once in February maximum date
becomes 29. A year which contains 366 days is
called leap year. If the last 2 digits of a number is
perfectly divisible by 4, then it is a leap year. A
century is a leap year if the first 2 digits are
perfectly divisible by 4. (Eg. 2000, 400, 800,2400)
October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 104
 Characteristics of Dates (Cont.)
For January & February For March to
December
Rule A: Rule A:
A date moves a step A date moves a step
ahead as every year ahead as every year
passes by passes by
Rule C: Rule B:
A date moves two steps A date moves two steps
ahead in a year ahead in a leap year
succeeding a leap year

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 105

 Example-2
• If 31st December 2000 is a Sunday, what day
will it be on 2nd January 2005.
• 31st December 2000 is a Sunday. It will fall on
Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday in the years
2001, 2002 and 2003 respectively. In 2004, it
will become a Friday. Hence on 2nd January
2005 ( 2days later) it will be a Sunday.

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 106

 Formula to find day on which any date
falls (Zeller’s Rule)
• F= K+ [(13xm-1)/5] + D + [D/4] + [C/4] -2 x C
• Where k-Date
• m- Month number
• D-Last two digit of the year
• C-First two digit of the year

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 107

 Zeller’s Rule (Cont.)
• In Zeller’s rule year begins with March and ends with
February. Hence, the month Number for march 1,
April 2, and son on and January-11 & February-12.
• So when we calculating the day of any day on January
(for eg. 2026, month=11, year=25 instead of month=1
& year 26)
• While calculating we drop off every number after
decimal point.
• Once we found the answer we divide it by 7 and take
the remainder.
• Remainder 0, 1, 2 corresponds to Sunday, Monday and
Tuesday and so on.
• If the remainder is negative then add seven.
October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 108
 Example
❖Find the day on 26th June 1983
❖Here k=26, m is 4, d is 83 and c is 19.
❖F= K+ [(13xm-1)/5] + D + [D/4] + [C/4] -2 x C
❖=26 + [(13 x 4-1)/5 + 83 +[83/4] + [19/4]-2 x 19
❖=26 + [51/5] + 83 + 20.75 + 4.75-38
❖=26 +10+83+20+4-38 (We drop the digits after
decimal point)
❖=105
❖105/7, remainder is 0.
❖Hence The day is Sunday.

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 109

 Exercises
• Part A:
1. Find which of the following years are leap
years and which are not:
• 2000, 2100, 2101, 2040, 2004, 1004, 2404,
1404, 4404
2. Given that the key for the current year 2005 is
266315374264. Find the days corresponding
to the following dates:
7th Jan, 3rd Dec, 14th Nov, 28th Aug, 26th June,
30th Dec
October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 110
 Exercises (Cont.)
• Part B:
1. Harry has provided us with the details of the birthdays of
his families. Find the days on which they were born
(a) Father: 1 December 1953
(b) Mother: 4 January 1957
(c) Grandpa: 9 December 1924
(d) Brother: 26 January 1984
Part C:
1. Given that 31st March 2002 is a Sunday. Find the days on
which the following dates will fall:
(a) 31 March 2005 (b) 2 April 1999 (c) 23 March 2004
(d) 7 April 2000 (e) 29th March 2003

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 111

 General Equations

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 112

 General Equations
• Let us assume that we have to solve equation
• ax + b = cx + d.
• x=d-b/a-c
• Example: Solve 5x + 3 = 4x + 7
• (a) (b) (c) (d)
• Values of a, b, c, d are 5, 3, 4, 7 respectively
• x= d-b/a-c
• =7-3/5-4
• =4

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 113

 General Equations (Cont.)
• Method II
• If the equation is of the form
• (x +a ) (x +b) = (x + c ) (x + d)
• Then the value of x can be found using formula
• x = (cd - ab) / (a + b -c -d)
• Solve the equation
• (x + 7 ) (x +12 ) = (x + 6) (x + 15)
• a=7, b=12, c=6, d=15
• x= 90-84/ 7 +12 -6-15
• = 6/-2 = -3

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 114

 Criss-Cross Multiplication for Algebraic
identities
• Multiply (a + b) by (a + 3b)
• a+b
• a + 3b
• a2 + (3ab + ab )+3b2
• a2 + 4ab +3b2

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 115

 Simultaneous
Linear
Equations

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 116

 Simultaneous Linear Equations
• Simultaneous Linear equations have two
variables in them. Let us say x and y.
• When these two equation are solved we get
the values of the variables x and y.
• For example:
• 2x + 4y = 10 _____________(1)
• 3x + 2y = 11_____________ (2)

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 117

 Traditional Method
• 2x + 4y = 10 _____________(1)
• 3x + 2y = 11_____________ (2)
• The co-efficient of x are 2 and 3 respectively and co-efficient of y
are 4 and 2 respectively.
• In order to solve the equation we have to equalize either the co-
efficient of x or co-efficient of y.
• This can be done multiplying equation with suitable numbers
• Multiply equation (1) with 3 and equation (2) with 2. The
equations are
• 6x + 12y =30____________(1)
• 6x + 4y = 22_____________(2)
• Subtract (2) form (1)
• 8y = 8
• y= 1
• Substitute value of y in equation (1)
• 2x=6 , x=3

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 118

 Speed Method
• In traditional method Forming a equation is
time consuming process.
• Secondly, equalizing the co-efficient is not
always an easy task, if the co-efficient have
big numbers or decimal values in it.
• This method not forms new equation, instead
it calculates value of x and y from the given
equation itself.
• x = Numerator / Denominator
• y= Numerator / Denominator

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 119

 Example-1 (Calculating value of ‘x’)
• Find the value of the variables x and y for the
equations 2x + 4y =10 and 3x + 2y = 11
• The value of Numerator & Denominator
The numerator is obtained by cross-
• 2x + 4y = 10________(1) multiplying (4 x 11) and subtracting
from it cross product of (2 x 10)
3x + 2y = 11_________(2) i.e. (4x11)-(2x10) =24

The denominator is obtained by

2x + 4y = 10________(1) cross-multiplying (4 x 3 ) and
subtracting from it cross product of
3x + 2y = 11_________(2) (2 x 2)
i.e. (4 x 3)-(2 x 2) =8

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 120

 Example-1 (Cont.)
• Thus we have obtained the value of x as 3.
• Now we will substitute the value of x in the
equation 2x + 4y = 10
• 2 (3) + 4y = 10
• 6 + 4y =10
• y =1

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 121

 Calculating value of y-Example-2
• Find the value of the variables x and y for the
equations 2x + 4y =10 and 3x + 2y = 11
• The value of Numerator & Denominator
The numerator is obtained by cross-
2x + 4y = 10________(1) multiplying (2 x 11) and subtracting
from it cross product of (10 x 3)
i.e. (2x11)-(10x3) =-8
3x + 2y = 11_________(2)
The denominator is obtained by
2x + 4y = 10________(1) cross-multiplying (2 x 2 ) and
subtracting from it cross product of
3x + 2y = 11_________(2) (4 x 3)
i.e. (2 x 2)-(4 x 3) =-8
October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 122
 Rule of thumb
• How to decide which variable to solve either x or
y?
• If the co-efficient of x are big numbers then
calculate the value of x and substitute for y and If
the co-efficient of y are big numbers then
calculate the value of y and substitute for x.
• This happens because when you calculate the
value of x you will be dealing with the y co-
efficient twice and hence avoid the big x co-
efficients and vice versa.

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 123

 Specific Case
• Special Rule which states that ‘If one is in ration,
the other is zero’. This is useful when the co-
efficients of either x or y are in certain ratio.
• Example:
• 5x + 8y = 40
• 10x + 11y = 80
• Co-efficient are in the ratio 1: 2 (5:10) and
constants are also 1:2 (40:80)
• As per the rule variable y is zero
October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 124
 Exercises
1. Solve the first three equations by calculating
for x and the next three equations y. Write the
answer in the form of (value of x, value of y)
(a) 4x + 3y =25 and 2x + 6y =26
(b) 9x + 10y =65 and 8x +20y =80
(c) 8x + 4y =6 and 4x + 6y = 5
(d) 7x + 2y =19 and 4x + 3y =22
(e) 2x + 9y =27 and 4x +4y =26
(f) 40x + 20y =400 and 80x + 10y =500

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 125

 Exercises (Cont.)
• 2. Solve the following equations by detecting
a ratio amongst any variable:
• (a) 39x + 64y =128
• 63x +128y= 256
• (b) 507x + 922y =1000
2028x + 1634y = 4000

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 126

 Exercises (Cont.)
• Solve the following word problem:
(a) A man has one rupee and two rupee coins in his
purse. The total number of coins is 52 and the
total monetary value of the coin is 81 rupees.
Find the number of one rupee and two rupee
coins.
(b) The monthly incomes of Tom and Harry are in
the ratio of 4:3. Both of them save 800 per
month. Their expenditure are in the ratio 3:2.
Find the monthly income of tom.

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 127

 Exercises (Cont.)
• The average of two numbers is 45. Twice the first
number equals thrice the second number. Find
the numbers.
• There are two classrooms having certain number
of students. If ten students are transferred from
the first classroom to the second the ratio
becomes 5: 9. If ten students are transferred from
the second classroom to the first, the ratio
becomes 1:1. Find the number of students in each
classroom.

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 128

 Square Roots
of Imperfect
Squares

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 129

 Square Roots of Imperfect Squares
Compare last digit of
1 1 the square and
2 4 square Root
3 9
4 16 1 1 or 9
5 25 4 2 or 8
6 36 9 3 or 7
7 49 6 4 or 6
8 64 5 5
9 81
10 100
0 0

A perfect square will never end with

the digits 2,3, 7, 8
October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 130
 Two Important Rule for imperfect
Square root
❖Rule 1: ‘After every step, add the quotient to
the divisor and get a new divisor’
❖Rule 2: ‘A new divisor can be multiplied by
only that number which is suffixed to it’
❖While calculating square roots, divide the
number into group of two digits each starting
from right to left. If a single digit is left in the
extreme left it will be considered a group in
itself.

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 131

 Example
• Find the square root of 529
• Form two group containing the digits 5 and 29
5 29
• Start from digit 5. Try to find perfect square
just smaller to 5. (2x2=4). Put 2 in divisor
column and 2 in quotient column.
2 5 29 2

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 132

 Example (Cont.)
• Write the product (2 x 2 =4) below 5. When 4
is subtracted from 5 the remainder is 1. The
remainder 1 cannot divisible by 2. Bring down
the next group of digits 29 and make the
dividend 129. We add 2 (quotient) to 2
(divisor) and make it 4.
2 5 29 2
-4
4 1 29

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 133

 Example (Cont.)
• As per rule 2 a new divisor can be multiplied by
only that number which is suffix to it. If we take
suffix ‘one’ to 4 it will become 41 and (41 x 1 = 41)
• If we suffix ‘two’ to 4 it will become 42 and (42 x 2
=84)
• If we suffix ‘three’ to 4 it will become 42 and (43x
3 =129)
• If we suffix ‘three’ to 4 it will become 43 and the
product 129 so obtain will be complete the
division. The remainder is zero.

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 134

 Example (Cont.)
• There fore square root is 23

2 5 29 23
-4
4 1 29
-1 29

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 135

Example for imperfect Square Root
• Find the square root of 656
• 31/50=0.62 Answer is 25.62

2 6 56 25
4
45 2 56
2 25
50 ( )
31

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 136

 Square root of decimal numbers
• Rule 1: The grouping of the integral part will be
done from right to left, and grouping of the
decimal part will be done from right to left.
For Eg. 538.7041---- 5 38. 70 41
0.055696----- 0. 05 56 96
0. 6-------0.6
Rule 2: if there are odd number of places after
decimal, make them even by putting a zero. Thus
0.6 will be converted to 0.60

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 137

 Example
• Find the square root of 538. 7041

2 5 38.70 41 23.21
4
43 1 38
1 29
462 970
924

4641 4641
4641
0
October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 138
 Estimation of imperfect Square roots

❖Find the square root of 70.

❖First find a perfect square root less than 70.
❖64 viz. 8
❖Divide 70/8=8.75
❖Take the average of 2 numbers 8 & 8.75
❖8.37 is the approx square root of 70

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 139

 Exercises
1. Find the square roots of the following perfect
squares.
(a) 961 (b) 6889 (c) 12321 (d) 4084441
2. Find the square roots of the following imperfect
squares
(a) 700 (b) 1550 (c) 15641
3. Find the square root of the following decimals (up
to 2 decimal places)
(a) 0.4 (b) 150.3432

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 140

 Cubing Numbers

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 141

 Cubing Numbers
Formula Method
The cube of any number can be found using formulae:
(a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3
(a - b)3 = a3 - 3a2b + 3ab2 - b3

Eg. Find the cube of 102

We know that 102 is (100 +2). Values of a and b are
100 and 2
(100 +2)2 = (100)3 + 3 x (100)2 x 2 + 3 x 100 x 22 + 23
=1000000 + 3(10000) x 2 + 300 x 4 + 8
=1000000 + 60000 + 1200 + 8
= 1061208
October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 142
 Example-2
❖Find the cube of 97

We know that 97 is (100 -3). Values of a and b are

100 and 3

(100 -3)2 = (100)3 - 3 x (100)2 x 3 + 3 x 100 x 32 - 33

=1000000 - 3(10000) x 3 + 300 x 9 - 27
=1000000 - 90000 + 2700 -27
= 912673

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 143

 Cube: The Anurupya Suthra
• The Anurupya Suthra is based on following
formulae
• (a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3
• The Expression of RHS can be broken into two
parts as shown below
a3 + a2b + ab2 + b3 _____________(1)

+ 2a2b + 2ab2 ___________(2)

Equals a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 144

Cube: The Anurupya Suthra (Cont.)
❖Note that if we take the first term a3 and
multiply it by b/a we get the second term a2b
and if we multiply the second term a2b by b/a
we get the third term ab2
❖ If the third term ab2 is multiplied by b/a we
get the final term that is b3
❖a3 x b/a= a2b a2b x b/a = ab2
❖ab2 x b/a = b3

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 145

 Rules
❖The value of first row can be obtained by
moving in a geometric progression of b/a (left
to right) a/b (right to left).
❖The values of second row are obtained by
doubling the middle terms in the first row.
❖The cube is obtained by adding the two rows.
❖For the final answer add three zero behind
the first term, add two aero behind second
term, add one zero behind third term and no
zero behind the last term and add all the
term.
October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 146
 Example-1
❖Find the cube of 52
❖a=5, b=2
❖First row
❖53 = 125, 2/5 x 125 = 50, 2/5 x 50 =20,
❖23 = 8
❖The second row is obtained by doubling the
middle terms of the first row.

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 147

 Example-1 (Cont.)

125000 125 50 20 8
15000
100 40
600
+ 8 125 150 60 8

140608

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 148

 Example-2
❖Find the cube of 31
❖a=3, b=1 (start from right to left)
❖First row
❖13 = 1, 3/1 x 1 = 3, 3/1 x 3 =9,
❖33 = 27
❖The second row is obtained by doubling the
middle terms of the first row.

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 149

 Example-2 (Cont.)

27000 27 9 3 1
2700
18 6
90
+ 1 27 27 9 1

29791

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 150

 The rule of Zero
• In previous examples we put 3, 2, 1 and no
zeros after each step.
• However this rule is applicable only up to the
number 999.
• From the number 1000 onwards we double
the number of zeros that you used to put in
the former case. i.e. 6, 4, 2 and no zero.

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 151

 Example-3
❖Find the cube of 1001
❖a=10, b=01 (start from left to right)
❖First row
❖103 = 1000, 1/10 x 1000 = 100,
❖1/10 x 100 =10,
❖1/10 x 10 = 1
❖13 = 1
❖The second row is obtained by doubling the
middle terms of the first row.

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 152

 Example-3 (Cont.)

1000000000 1000 100 10 1

3000000
200 20
3000
+ 1 1000 300 30 1

1003003001

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 153

 Exercise
❖1. Find the cube of the following numbers using
the formula ( a + b)3.
❖ (a) 105 (b) 41 (c) 54 (d) 23 (e) 34
❖2. Find the cube of the following numbers using
the formula ( a - b)3.
❖(a) 49 (b) 90 (c) 199 (d) 96 (e) 98
❖3. Find the cube of the following using the
Anurupya Rule.
❖(a) 66 (b) 77 (c) 91 (d) 19
❖4. Find the cube of the following using the
Anurupya Rule.
❖(a) 43 (b) 72 (c) 101

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 154

 Base Method
of Division

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 155

 Base Method of Division
• Divide the dividend into two parts. The RHS
will contain as many digits as the number of
zeros in the base.
• The final answer obtained on the LHS is the
quotient and RHS is the remainder.
• Base Dividend
Divisor
Difference Quotient Remainder

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 156

 Example-1
➢Divide 23 by 9.
➢The divisor is 9, Dividend is 23, the base is 10
and the difference is 1
➢Since the base 10 has one zero in it, we divide
the dividend in such a way that the RHS has
one digit
➢We now bring down the first digit of the
dividend, viz. 3, as shown in the diagram
below

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 157

 Example-1 (Cont.)

Step 1: Group the dividend into two

parts. Number of zeros in the base
= number of digits in the RHS 10
2 3
9
Step 2: Write the difference of base 1
and divisor as shown in diagram.

Step 3: Bring down the first digit of 2

the dividend as shown in diagram.

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 158

 Example-1 (Cont.)

Step 4: Multiply 2 with difference 1 and

add the answer to the next digit of the 10
dividend. 9 2 3

1 2
Step 5: The product of 2 and 1 (the
difference) is 2 which is written 3. The
sum of 3 and 2 is 5.
2 5
When 23 is divided by 9 the quotient is
2 and the remainder is 5.

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 159

 Example-2
➢Divide 123 by 9.
➢The divisor is 9, Dividend is 123, the base is 10
and the difference is 1
➢Since the base 10 has one zero in it, we divide
the dividend in such a way that the RHS has
one digit
➢We now bring down the first digit of the
dividend, viz. 1, as shown in the diagram
below

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 160

 Example-1 (Cont.)
Now we are left with two digits on the
LHS.
We bring down the first digit 1 as it is.
10
We multiply the 1 with the difference 1
9 12 3
and put the answer below the second
digit of the dividend 1 1 3
The second digit of the dividend is 2 and
we add 1 to it. The total is 3.
Multiply 3 with difference 1 and write 13 6
the product below the third digit of
dividend
The total is 6. Quotient is 13 and
remainder is 6.
October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 161
 Example-3
➢Divide 1234 by 98.
➢The divisor is 98, Dividend is 1234, the base is
100 and the difference is 02
➢Since the base 10 has two zero in it, we divide
the dividend in such a way that the RHS has
two digit
➢We now bring down the first digit of the
dividend, viz. 1, as shown in the diagram
below

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 162

 Example-3 (Cont.)
❖ We bring down the first digit 1 as it
is.
❖We multiply the 1 with the difference
100
02. The product 02 is written down
98 12 34
from the second digit of dividend.
❖Add 2 plus 0 downwards and get the 02 0 2
2 digit of the quotient. 04
❖Multiply 2 with 02 and the final
answer 04 is written down from the 12 58
third digit of the dividend.
❖Add up the number on RHS
❖Hence the product is 12 and the
remainder is 58.
October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 163
 Exercises
❖1.
❖(a) Divide 102 by 74 (b) Divide 10113 by 898
❖(c ) Divide 102030 by 7999
❖(d) Divide 1005 by 99
❖2.
❖ (a) Divide 431 by 98 (b) Divide 10301 by 97
❖ (c ) Divide 12000 by 889 (d) Divide 111099 by
8987 (e) Divide 30111 by 87
❖

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 164

 Division (Part Two)

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 165

 Division (Part Two)-Example-1
❖Divide 1296 by 113
❖The divisor is related to the base 100 . So
split the dividend such a way that RHS has two
digits.
100
❖The base 100 and difference is -13
(negative) 113 12 96
❖Write down first digit 1 of dividend as it is. -3
-(13) -1
❖Multiply 1 with the difference -13 and write
down answer as -1 & -3 below second & third -1-3
digit of the dividend
❖Next move to second column of the
11 53
dividend. Bring down 2 minus 1 is 1
❖Multiply 1 with -13 and write down the
answer -1 & -3 below the last two digits of the
dividend.
❖Thus quotient is 11 & remainder is 53
October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 166
 Division (Part Two)-Example-2
❖Divide 2688 by 120
❖The divisor is related to the base 100 . So
split the dividend such a way that RHS has two
digits.
❖The base 100 and difference is -2-0 100
(negative) 120 26 88
❖Write down first digit 2 of dividend as it is.
❖Multiply 2 with the difference -2-0 and write -2-0 -4 -0
down answer as -1 & -3 below second & third
-4-0
digit of the dividend
❖Next move to second column of the
dividend. Bring down 6 minus -4 is 2 22 48
❖Multiply 2 with -2-0 and write down the
answer -4 & -0 below the last two digits of the
dividend.
❖Thus quotient is 22 & remainder is 48

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 167

 Example -3
• Divide 110999 by 1321
1000
1321 110 9 99
-3-2-1 -3-2 -1
6 4 2
-12 -8 -4

1-2 4 0 3 5

Here the quotient is 100 -20 + 4 equals 84. The

remainder is 035

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 168

 Example-4
• Divide 1693 by 131
❖The quotient is 13 and the remainder is
-10
❖Reduce the quotient by 1 and subtract 100
the remainder from the divisor. 131 1 6 9 3
❖Hence quotient is 13-1=12 & remainder
is 131-10=121
-3-1 -3 -1
❖This is because (for example) 890 by -9 -3
100
❖Quotient we have 9 & remainder -10
(because 100 multiplied by 9 minus 10 is 1 3 -1 0
890)
❖Quotient =9; Remainder =-10
❖Or
❖Quotient =8; Remainder = 90

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 169

 Example-5
❖Divide 16379 by 1222
1000
❖Here the quotient is 14 1222 1 6 3 7 9
and remainder is (-700 -
-2-2-2 -2 -2
30 +1) . Which is equals - -2
-8 -8 -8
720.
❖Reduce quotient by 1
1 4 -7 -3 1
and subtract remainder
from divisor.
❖The final quotient is 13
and remainder is (1222-
729) equals 493.
October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 170
 Substitution Method
• Divide 10030 by 827
• Normal Method Substitution Method
1000 1000
827 1 0 0 3 0 827 1 0 0 3 0
173 1 7 3 2-33 2 -3 3
1 7 3 4 -6 6

1 1 9 3 3 1 2 1 0 6
1000-827=173
12 / 106 173= 200-30+3
=2-3+3

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 171

 Example-2
❖Divide 1459 by 242
100
❖Divide 242/2=121 121 1 4 5 9
❖Divide quotient 12/2 -2-1 -2 -1
❖=6, -4 -2

❖remainder remains same

1 2 0 7

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 172

 Exercises
PART A
(a) Divide 1389 by 113
(b) Divide 145516 by 1321
(c) Divide 136789 by 12131
(d) Divide 246406 by 112
PART B
(a) Divide 13592 by 114
(b) Divide 25430 by 1230
(c) Divide 15549 by 142
(d) Divide 101156 by 808
PART C
(a) Divide 4949 by 601 (Hint: use 601 x 2 = 1202 as divisor)
(b) Divide 14799 by 492 (Hint: use 492 / 4 = 123 as divisor)

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 173

 Other
Topics

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 174

 Pythagorean Values
• We know that square of the hypotenuse of a right
angled triangle is equal to the sum of the other
two sides.
• If the side of right angled triangle are 3, 4 and 5
then the square of 5 equals the square of 3 plus
the square of 4.
• We can express square of a number as the sum of
two squared numbers. (case 1: Odd Numbers,
case 2: even numbers)
• We can express a given number as the difference
of two squared numbers.

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 175

 Case 1: Odd Numbers
• The square of an odd number is also odd. This
square is the sum of two consecutive middle
digits.
• Example: 32 = 9 =4 + 5
• 52 = 25 =12 +13
• 92 =81 =40 +41

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 176

 Case 2: Even Numbers
• The square of an even number is even
• We cannot have two middle digits on dividing it
by 2.
• Thus divide the even numbers by 2, 4, 8, 16 etc,
until we get an odd number.
• Example: One value of the Pythagorean triplet is
6. find the other two values
• We divide 6 by 2 to get odd number 3. (3-4-5)
• Since we have divided the number by 2 we
multiply all the values of (3-4-5) by 2 to form (6-
8-25)

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 177

 Expressing given number as a
difference of two squares
• We express given number ‘n’ as a product of
two numbers ‘a’ and ‘b’ and then express it as
• n = [(a + b)/2]2 – [(a-b)/2]2
• Express 15 as a difference of two squared
numbers.
• 15 = 5 x 3
• = [(5+3)/2]2-[(5-3)/2]2 = (8/2)2 –(2/2)2
• = (4)2-(1)2
October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 178
 Divisibility Test
Divisible Condition
by
2 If the last bit is multiplier of 2 or last bit is exactly divisible by 2
3 Add up the digits. If the sum is divisible by 3 then the number is divisible by
3.
4 If the number formed by last two digits is divisible by 4, then whole number
is divisible by 4
5 if the last digit is either 5 or 0
6 Check for divisibility of 2 and 3. if divisible by 2 & 3 then divisible by 6
7 Double the last digit and subtract it from the remaining number. If what is
left is divisible by 7, then the original number is also divisible by 7. For e.g.
(9+9=18-4=14)
8 If the number formed by last three digits is divisible by 8, then whole
number is divisible by 8
9 Add the digits. If sum is divisible by 9 then the whole number is divisible by
9. This holds good for any power of three)

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 179

 Divisibility Test (Cont.)
Divisible Condition
by
10 If the number ends in 0
11 If the difference between the sum of 1st , 3rd , 5th digits and sum of 2nd , 4th ,
6th digits is a multiple of 11 or 0.
12 Check for divisible by 3 and 4
13 Delete the last digit from the given number. Then subtract 9 times the
deleted digit from the remaining number. If what is left is divisible by 13,
then so is the original number
For divisibility by 14, check for divisibility by 2 and 7. and so on.

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 180

Raising to fourth and Higher power
• (a + b)4 = a4 +4a3b + 6a2b2 +4ab2 + b4
• We can represent it as
a4 + a3b + a2b2 + ab3 + b4 _____________(1)

+ 3a3b + 5 a2b2 + 3ab3 ___________(2)

Which on addition gives ( a+ b)2

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 181

 Example
• Find (21)4 16 8 4 2 1

24 20 2
160000
32000 16 32 24 8 1
2400
80
+ 1
194481

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 182

 y-

Co-ordinate Geometry
• Find the equation of a straight line passing the
points (7, 5) and (2, -8)
• Two approaches for solving the questions
using traditional method.
• First approach is using the formula

y-y1 = y2-y1 / x2-x1 (x-x1)

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 183

 Traditional Method 1
We have 7m +c = 5; 2m + c = -8
We solve the equation simultaneously
7m + c _____________(1)

- 2m + c ______________(2)
Therefore 5m = 13 ; m= 13/5

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 184

 Traditional Method 1 (Cont.)
• Substitute the value of in equation-1
• 7 x 13/5 + c = 5; 91/5 +c = 5
• C= 5-91/5; -66/5
• Substitute the value of m and c in the original
equation ( y = mx + c), we have
• y = 13/5x -66/5
• And therefore equation of the line as 13x-5y =
66
October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 185
 Traditional Method 2
• On substituting the values of (7, 5 ) and (2, -8),
we have
• y-5 = (-8 -5 / 2 -7) x (x-7)
• y-5 = -13/-5 (x-7)
• -5(y-5) = -13 (x -7)
• -5y +25 = -13 x + 91
• 13x -5y =66

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 186

 Speed Mathematics method
• Put the difference of y co-ordinates as the x
co-efficient & the put the difference of the x
co-ordinates as y co-efficient
• The given co-ordinates are (7, 5) and (2, 8)
• Therefore x-coefficient is 5-(-8) =13 and
• Our y co-efficient is 7-2 = 5
• We have the answer 13 and 5 with us. Thus
LHS is 13x-5y.
• RHS can be easily obtained by substituting the
values of x and y of any co-ordinate in the
LHS.
October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 187
 Speed Mathematics method (Cont.)
• For example 13 (7) -5 (5) =66
• Thus final answer is 13x- 5y = 66.
• An alternative way of RHS is using the rule:
• ‘Product of the means minus the product of
the extremes’
• Therefore we have (7, 5) and (2, 8)
• (5 x 2) – (-8 x 7)
• =66

October 26, 2015 Speed Mathematics 188