Title
Downstream boundary
(water level)
Upstream boundary
(discharge)
Flood Routing
Sequence
1. Flood routing
2. Classification of flood routing.
3. Governing Equations
4. Methods of Flood Routing
5. Modified Puls Method
6. Muskingum Method
7. Applications of Flood Routing
8. Conclusion
Flood Routing
The runoff when flowing in huge quantities
causes floods and a flood wave propagates
through water body. The computation of
height and velocity of this flood wave is
called flood routing.
Uses
1. Flood forecasting.
2. Flood Plain Delineation.
3. Reservoir Design.
4. Water Shed Simulation.
Classification
of
Flood Routing
Based on Based on
Water Body Governing Equations
Reservoir Catchment River Hydraulic Hydrologic
Routing Routing Routing Routing Routing
Classification of Flood Routing
Hydrologic Routing
In this type of routing, equation of continuity along with
some empirical equation is used.
Hydraulic Routing
In this type, equation of continuity and laws of motion are
used.
Catchment Routing
Routing carried through a catchment area.
Reservoir Routing
Routing carried through a Reservoir.
River Routing
Routing carried through a River or stream.
Types of Routing
(a) River Routing
(b) Reservoir Routing
(c) Catchment Routing
I - Q = dS
Reservoir Routing dt
Level Pool Reservoir
Pond storage with
I Q (weir flow)
outflow pipe
H
S Q (orifice flow)
S = f(Q) Q = f(H)
I
Orifice flow:
Orifice flow Q=C* 2gH
Weir Flow:
Weir flows
Q = CLH3/2
Inflow
Inflow and Outflow
Q (cfs)
I=Q
Outflow
time
Definition Sketch
Effects of Stream Flow Routing
Avg Inflow - Avg Outflow = dS/dt
Dt
Governing Equations Hydrologic Routing
As there are 2 unknowns,
(Schematicaly shown in fig,),
two equations are required
which are
St+1 – St = (It + It+1) ▲t/2
1. - (Ot + Ot+1)▲t /2
2. Second equation is established
from given Storage-Discharge
relationship. It is presented in
graphical form otherwise.
Storage-Discharge relationship
Governing Equations Hydraulic Routing
Q A
q 0
x t
1 Q 1 Q2 y
g g S0 Sf 0
A t A x A x
Local Convective Pressure Gravity Friction
acceleration acceleration force term force term force term
term term
Methods of Routing
Reservoir River
Routing Routing
Modified Puls Goodrich Muskingum Convax
Method Method Method Method
Modified Puls Method
Procedure
1. Compute (It+It+1)/2 in column (3). Col (1) & Col (2)
are given
2. From given value of St and Ot compute St - ½ Ot ▲t
3. Add values obtained in steps (1) and (2) to obtain
St+1 + ½ Ot+1 ▲t
4. From the S + ½ O ▲t curve (fig 3) read the value of
Ot+1 corresponding to the given values of St+1 + ½
Ot+1 ▲t obtained in step (3).
5. Determine St+1 - ½ Ot+1 ▲t for the next routing
period by subtracting Ot+1 from S + ½ O ▲t for an
Ot+1 value.
Modified Puls Method -1 (Example)
Storage-Discharge-Elevation curve Storage-Discharge curve
Puls Method (Example)
(Ij+Ij+1) /2+ ((SjDt-(Oj)/2)=((Sj+1)/Dt+(Oj+1)/2)
Time Step (j) Inflow, I j (I j+I j+1)/2 OjOutflow
Muskingum Method - 1
I-O Swedge
Storage in reach
associate with wedge
set up by flow I- O
O
Sprism
Storage in reach
associate with flow O
O
Muskingum Method -2
The storage in a river reach can be considered to be the sum
of Prism storage & Wedge storage
Wedge storage = k x (I - O)
Where k = storage coefficient x = fraction of (I – O)
Prism storage = kO Total Storage S = kO + k x (I - O)
or S = k [x I + (1 – x) O] This Equation can be written as
St+1 – St = k [x (It+1 – It) + (1-x) (Ot+1-Ot)]
Combining this equation with equation (1) and modifying
algebraically, the following expressions are received
O j+1 = Co(I j+1 )+ C1(Ij) +C2O j
This equation is known as Muskingum Equation. k & x are
called Muskingum Parameters.
ESTIMATING MUSKIGUM PARAMETERS -1
Using following equation
0.5 ▲t [(It+1 + It)– (Ot+1 + Ot)]
k=
x (It+1 - It) + (1- x) (Ot+1 - Ot)
The Muskingum parameters k and x can be
easily determined graphically. The accumulated
values of numerator and denominator are plotted
for various values of x. This results in a loop.
Assumed value resulting in a loop closest to
single line is accepted as correct value.
Estimating Muskingum Parameters -2
Estimating Muskingum Parameters -3
▲t 0.5 ▲t – k x
Ct = C =
t+1
k (1 – x) + 0.5 ▲t k (1 – x) + 0.5 ▲t
Estimating Muskingum Parameters -4
MUSKIGUM METHOD
Routing Procedure
1. Compute It+1 – It in column(3)
2. Compute Ct+1 (It+1 – It) in column (4)
3. Compute It – Ot in column (5), Ot is the initial given value
of the outflow.
4. Compute Ct (It – Ot) in column (6)
5. Add column (6) to column (4) resulting in column (7)
6. Compute Ot+1 in the lower row of column (8), i.e. Ot+1 in
the lower row of column (8)=column (7) +Ot in the upper
row of column (8).
7. Repeat the above steps for subsequent routing periods.
Routing by Muskingum Method
O j+1 = Co(I j+1 )+ C1(Ij) +C2O j
Applications of Flood Routing
Flood routing is used to
Design the detention storage reservoirs.
Channels and many other hydraulic structures.
Operation control structures.
Evaluation of the effect of a water-control
structure on flood flows.
Forecasting floods.
Determine the unit hydrographs at various points.
Derive synthetic unit hydrographs. etc.
Disadvantages of Hydrologic Routing
1. Ignore the dynamic effect of flow;
2. Assume stage and storage is a single–valued function of
discharge - implying flow is changing slowly with time.
Conclusion
Flood routing is essential to
1. Meet varied demand & supply of water.
2. Avoid loss of life and property,
3. Eliminate flood peaks uncertainty,
4. Overcome effects of droughts, &
5. Design flood control structures.