ANJALI GAUTAM
ASHUTOSH SHILWANT
KSHITIJ MISHRA
PRIYANKER JAIN
SAURABH AGRAWAL
YASHRAJ
According to the building code
of Hyderabad, India, a high-rise
building is one with four floors or
more, or 15 to 18 meters or more in
height.
Most building engineers, inspectors,
architects and similar professionals
define a high-rise as a building that is at
least 75 feet (23 m) tall
The structural system of a high-rise building is designed to
cope with vertical gravity loads as well as lateral loads caused
by wind or seismic activity.
BRACED FRAME CORE
RIGID FRAME TUBULAR
WALL FRAME TWISTED
SHEAR FRAME HYBRID
Load Bearing Elements
Load Bearing elements in High Rises
• Load bearing structural
elements in high-rise
structures can be in one
or multiple layers of the
structure. This may
include the core, the
interior, the exterior or
the very skin.
Strategies to Manage Load in High-Rises
• After using the Iron-Grids and steel
reinforcements in structures it
became possible to take buildings to
a greater heights with thinner walls.
However this could only be done to
an extent. For even taller buildings
more sophisticated structure
systems like Diagrids and Cores are
used.
Shear Walls
• As per the requirement
arranged across the
plan and elevation of
the structure.
• Arranged so as to
create flexural rigidity
within the structure.
Framed Structures
Braced Frame Structures
• Braced Frame is a structure system commonly to take the
lateral loads such as wind and seismic pressures, and also the
load of the structure skin. They are not allowed to sway.
• Usually made up of
steel as 2-
Dimensional vertical
Truss systems
connected to the
structure skins.
• They are usually left
visible for aesthetic
appeal.
Braced Frame (Contd.)
• Bracing members eliminate bending in beams and
columns.
• is that, it can be repetitive up the height of the building
with obvious economy in design and fabrication.
• It is used in steel construction
• This system is suitable for multistory building in the low to
mid height range.
• An outstanding advantage of braced frame
Vertical and Horizontal Bracing
Horizontal bracing
Vertical bracing • The bracing at each floor (in horizontal planes) provides load paths
for the transference of horizontal forces to the planes of vertical
• Bracing bracing. Horizontal bracing is needed at each floor level, however,
between column lines (in the floor system itself may provide sufficient resistance. Roofs may
vertical planes) provides load require bracing.
paths for the transference of
horizontal forces to ground
level.
Framed buildings require at
least three planes of vertical
bracing to brace both
directions in plan and to
resist torsion about a vertical
axis.
Singularly Braced Structure
• Trussing, or triangulation, is
formed by inserting
diagonal structural members
into rectangular areas of
a structural frame, helping to
stabilise the frame. If a single
brace is used, it must be
sufficiently resistant
to tension and compression.
Cross Braced Structures
• Cross-bracing (or X-bracing) uses two
diagonal members crossing each other.
These only need to be resistant
to tension, one brace at a time acting to
resist sideways forces, depending on
the direction of loading. As a
result, steel cables can also be used
for cross-bracing.
• However, cross bracing on the outside
face of a building can interfere with the
positioning and functioning
of window openings. It also results in
greater bending in floor beams.
K-Braced Structures
• K-braces connect to
the columns at mid-height.
This frame has more flexibility for
the provision of openings in the
facade and results in the least
bending in floor beams. K-bracing
is generally discouraged in
seismic regions because of the
potential for column failure if
the compression brace buckles.
V-Braced Structures
• Both systems can significantly
reduce the buckling capacity of
the compression brace so that it is
less than
the tension yield capacity of
the tension brace. This can mean
that when the braces reach their
resistance capacity, the load must
instead be resisted in the bending
of the horizontal member.
A rigid frame in structural engineering is the load-resisting
RIGID skeleton constructed with straight or curved members
interconnected by mostly rigid connections which resist
FRAMES movements induced at the joints of members.
Its members can take bending moment, shear, and axial loads.
Flow of forces (Gravitational, Lateral, and opposing) Skeleton of Rigid frame structure Home insurance building Chicago
Steel - Flanges of members are fully attached to the flanges
of the other member. This can be done with welding, or
bolted plates.
Reinforced Concrete - Joints are monolithic with
continuous reinforcement for bending.
Shear is resisted with stirrups and ties.
Steel section jointing in
Rigid frames
Comparison between
braced and unbraced frame
Braced frame Rigid frame
Rigid Frames (Contd.)
One of the advantages of rigid frames is the likelihood of
planning and fitting of windows due to open rectangular
arrangement.
Members of rigid frame system
withstand bending moment,
shear force, and axial loads.
Advantages of rigid frame include
ease of construction, labors can
learn construction skills easily,
construct rapidly, and can be
designed economically.
Maximum beam span is 12.2m
and larger span beams would
suffer lateral deflection.
The disadvantage of the MRF
system is that the rigid frame
requires expensive detailing
when assembling the
connections.
Difference Between Braced Frame and
Moment Resisting frame
Braced frame Moment resisting frame
Pin connection is used to form the beam-column joints. Rigid connection as is used between beams and columns.
The connection does not transfer moments. Moments are transferred through the connection.
It depends on the bracing system to transfer lateral loads to the It relies on the rigid connection to transfer lateral loads to the
foundation. horizontal and vertical bracing systems are used. foundation.
Cost-effective due to pinned connection which is simple to Expensive to construct and difficult to analyse.
analyse and easy to construct.
The method of stabilization is not as good as braced frames.
Provides good stabilization to the structure.
Reinforced concrete structures inherently employ moment
Braced frame system is mostly used in the construction of steel resisting frame.
and timber structures.
Beams and columns are analyzed under axial loads and moments.
Beams and columns are analyzed under vertical loads only,
assuming the bracing system supports all lateral loads. All connection are rigid.
It has less deformation capacity and more stiffness compared to Moment resisting frames have more deformation capacity and less
moment resisting frames. stiffness compared to braced frames.
Grid Frame Structures
Grid frames structures, while not as
strong can be used for high-rises up to
an extent. They are of 2 types.
• Grid High-Rise
• Casing High-Rise
The geometry of the form makes
working on it a simple task.
Braced Tube Structures
• Braced tube, unlike braced
frame is used in taller
structures.
• They involve the use of
tubes instead of beams to
add in flexural rigidity.
Diagrids
• Diagrids or Diagonal Grids
are system of external metal
or concrete beams to
support the structure. It
stays on the exterior hence
requires less steel than the
conventional frame
structure while being
aesthetically pleasing.
Core
Core refers to a vertical structure that is one of the way to build
load bearing structure system supporting a high-rise.
Position of Core
Considerations
• The position of core is often based of the intended use of the building,
economic and technological constrains specific to the building.
• Position of the core is one of the most important consideration in high-rise
design as it dictates light penetration, circulation and ventilation patterns.
Central Core
Advantages
• Allows all sides free for
window space.
• Equidistant from every side.
• Simple area division.
Disadvantages
• Requires and access corridor
on the periphery.
• Limits central floor usage.
Off Central Core
Advantages
• Permits all the interior spaces for
usage.
• More flexibility in depth and
arrangement of spaces
Disadvantages
• Long corridor for accessibility
required
• Accessibility issues from the other end
External
Advantages
• Maximum flexibility in space
arrangement.
• Leaves the centre space
completely free for use.
Disadvantages
• Requires a long access corridor.
• Most isolated to emergency
evacuation is concentrated and
difficult.
Double External
Advantages
• Can provide for
buffer zones as a
response to harsh
radiation
• Simple axial division
Disadvantages
• Costly
• Reduces the amount of material needed in the core of
the structure
Bundled Tube • Allows greater amount of percolation and usable space
• Cost effective.
Tubular Structures
This system consists of exterior columns and beams that create
rigid frame, and interior part of the system which is simple frame
designed to support gravity loads.
It is used for the construction of
buildings up to 60 storeys.
The building behaves like
equivalent hollow tube
It is substantially economic and need half of material required for
the construction of ordinary framed buildings
The entire building acts as a hollow tube
or rigid box cantilevering out of the ground.
Such a system is called Framed Tube
System.
Three, four, or possibly more frames, braced frames,
or shear walls, joined at or near their edges to form a
vertical tube like structural system .
The tube frame consists of closely spaced columns, 2-4m
between centers , joined by deep girders. This will create
a tube that will act like a continuous perforated chimney or
stack.
Trussed (also known as
braced) tube systems are
similar to the framed tube
but have fewer
exterior columns space f
urther apart
Steel bracings or concrete shear walls are introduced
along the exterior walls to compensate for the fewer
columns by tying them together.
This concept allows for wider column
spacing in the tubular walls than would be
possible with only the exterior frame tube
walls.
The bundled tube system
involves, instead of one It can create a variety of dynamic
tube, several individual shapes. Therefore providing great
tubes interconnected to latitudes for planning.
form a multi-cell tube.
Together they work to resist
the lateral loads and
overturning moments.
Tube-in-Tube Building generally consists of an innertube to aid vertical
transportation demand and an outer tube which comprises of dense columns and
deep beams. I
This system is also known
as ‘hull and core’ and
consists of a core tube
inside the structure which
It is the most
holds services such
commonly
as utilities and lifts, as well
used structural
as the usual tube system on
system for high-rise
the exterior which takes the
building with more than
majority of the gravity
50 storeys.
and lateral loads.
TWISTED VERTICAL SYSTEM
The structural system of a high-rise building
is designed to cope with vertical gravity loads
as well as lateral loads caused by wind or
seismic activity.
• Buildings in the form of twisted solids, where the next floors are built up by the
repetition of the ground floor plan with the rotation of the vertical axes that is normally
located in the center of the floor plan belong to the "twister" category.
EXAMPLES OF TWISTED TALL BUILDINGS
1. The Al Bidda Tower (Doha, Qatar)
• The Al Bidda Tower is an office skyscraper with reinforced concrete and steel
structure.
• The building is 197 m height and contains 44 floors above ground and 1 below.
• a separate eight-floors car park adjoins the building.
• The Al Bidda Tower is twisted by an angle of 60 degrees through its height.
• It was built on a plan of a convex triangle with two realist on each side.
2. The Evolution Tower (Moscow, Russia)
• The Evolution Tower is an office skyscraper with reinforced concrete structure.
• The building is 246 m height and contains 55 floors above ground and 3 under-ground.
• The design concept of the Evolution Tower is based on the symbolic evolutionary spiral
of a white ribbon wrapped over a roof in the form of a 90 degree twisted infinity
symbol
• principles of twisted square floor slabs with a vertical reinforced concrete frame
supported by a central core and eight columns in an octagonal arrangement.
• All floors are constantly twisted by a fixed angle of 3 degrees and the building is twisted
in a clockwise direction from the base to the top by an angle about 135 degrees.
Post Tensioning Method
• Post Tensioning refers to the technique of
cantilevering a slab out of the core of a
structure.
• Leaves the periphery free for light and
ventilation.
Functional Adaptations of
Core
• Cores being at the centre of the structure receive
minimum amount of light and ventilation
• Since core takes up a large sum of area in the centre
of the building, often certain functions are allocated
to it.
• These functions are the ones that are common to all
the floors.
Common Functions to all floors included in
Core
• Court/Atrium • Fire Escape
• Lift Lobby • Dampening Devices
• Lift Shafts • HVAC Systems
• Service Ducts • Integrated Building
• Escalator Management Systems
Services
PLUMBINNG AND
SANITATION
ELECTRICAL AND ELEVATORS AND
SERVICES VERTICAL
TRANSPORTATION
AIR CONDITIONER
SHAFT
STAIRCASE
TOILET
FIRE FIGHTING
Hybrid Structures
Hybrid structural
system
It is the combination of two or more of
basic structural forms either by direct
combination or by
adopting different forms in different parts of
the structure.
Precast and in-situ concrete can be used
together in many different ways to extend
the design horizons for architects, engineers
and contractors.
Benefits of using Hybrid Concrete
Construction
• Less times(10-20%)
• Safety during Construction
• less use of wet concrete
• Cost of Construction
THE END
