Valves
Basic Concept
Ali Elamin Ali Ahmed
Basic Concept
What is a Valve?
• A valve is a mechanical device, which is reg-ulates
either the flow or the pressure of the fluid.
Basic Concept
• The main functions of valves are:
Stopping and starting flow.
Reduce or increase a flow
Controlling the direction of flow
Regulating a flow or process pressure
Relieve a pipe system of a certain pressure
Basic Concept
• The Different types of Valves are:
Gate valve.
globe valve.
plug valve.
Ball valve.
butterfly valve.
check valve.
Basic Concept
• The Different types of Valves are:
diaphragm valve.
pressure relief valve.
control Valves
Each of these types has a number of models, with
different features and functional capabilities.
Basic Concept
• Classification of Valves:
valves can classify acceding to their function, service
motion and how they are actuated.
The commonly used valve classifications, based on
mechanical motion.
Basic Concept
• Classification of Valves based on
mechanical motion:
Linear Motion Valves; moves in a straight line to
allow, stop, or throttle the flow.
Rotary Motion Valves; travels along an angular or
circular path.
Basic Concept
• Classification of Valves based on
mechanical motion:
Quarter Turn Valves; Some rotary motion Valves
require approximately a quarter turn, 0 through 90
°
Basic Concept
• Valves components:
The main parts of the most usual type of valve are:
Valve body.
Packing
Disc
Packing gland/nut
Seat
Basic Concept
• Valves components:
Bonnet
Wheel Handle or actuator.
Stem.
Valve balls
Spring
Trim
Basic Concept
• Valves components:
Valve-body; the valve body is the outer casing of
most or all of the valve that contains the internal parts.
The body, the first pressure boundary of a valve, resists
fluid pressure loads from connecting piping. It receives
inlet and outlet piping through threaded, bolted, or welded
joints.
Basic Concept
• Valves components:
Valve Bonnet; The cover for the opening in the body
is the bonnet, It is commonly connected to the body
by a threaded, bolted, or welded joint. Many valves
do not have bonnets.
Basic Concept
• Valves components:
Disc; The disc is the part which allows, throttles, or
stops flow, depending on its position. In the case of
a plug or a ball valve, the disc is called plug or a ball.
Disk is a pressure related component.
Basic Concept
• Valves components:
Seat; The seat or seal rings provide the seating surface
for the disk, seat is the interior surface of the body and
always remains stationary relative to the body.
A valve may have one or more seats.
Basic Concept
• Valves components:
Valve Stem; the valve stem provides the necessary
movement to the disc, plug or the ball for opening or
closing the valve, It is connected to the valve hand-
wheel, actuator, or the lever at one end and on the
other side to the valve disc.
Basic Concept
• Valves components:
The motion transmitted by the stem may be a linear
or a rotational.
There are four types of valve stems:
Rising stem with outside screw and yoke.
Non rising stem with inside screw.
Sliding stem(this valve stem does not rotate or turn, spindle).
Rotary stem.
Basic Concept
• Valves components:
Valve Trim; The internal elements of a valve are
collectively referred to as a valve's trim, these parts
include valve seat(s), disc, glands, spacers, guides,
bushings, and internal springs.
Basic Concept
• Valves components:
Valve's trim performance is determined by the disk
and seat interface.
Trim materials may or may not be the same material
as the valve body or bonnet. Flow-medium properties,
chemical composition, pressure, temperature, flow rate,
velocity and viscosity are some of the important
considerations in selecting suitable trim materials.
Basic Concept
• Valves ratings:
Class Ratings; Pressure-temperature ratings of valves
are designated by class numbers.
According to API, Class - an alphanumeric designation
that is used for reference purposes relating to valve
pressure/temperature capability, taking into account
valve material mechanical properties and valve
dimensional characteristics
Basic Concept
Nominal
• Valves ratings : ANSI Pressure
Valve rating, Class Vs PN Class Rating PN
[#]
150 20
300 50
400 64
600 100
900 150
1500 250
2500 420
Basic Concept
• Valves grades:
Body materials; The l valve user normally specifies the
body material, which is often the same material as the
pipe. The most common choices of body material are
carbon steel, chrome-molybdenum steel and stainless
steel.
Basic Concept
• Valves grades:
WK., WCB and WCA; is a grade of carbon steel.
For each grade WC – stands for "wrought carbon" with
the third letter indicating grade - the higher the grade the
higher the tensile/yield strength.
Basic Concept
Classification of Valves based on
mechanical motion:
VALVE TYPE S LINEAR MOTION ROTARY MOTION QUARTE R TURN
GATE YE S NO NO
GLOBE YE S NO NO
PLUG NO YE S YE S
BALL NO YE S YE S
BUTTE RFLY NO YE S YE S
SWING CHECK NO YE S NO
DIAPHRAGM YE S NO NO
PINCH YE S NO NO
SAFE TY YE S NO NO
RE LIEF YE S NO NO
Basic Concept
• The mode of Operation:
The force required to operate a valve can be carried out
either manually (by hand) or mechanically.
Mechanical attachments (actuators) to a valve are usually
electrically, pneumatically, hydraulically and magnetically
operated.
Basic Concept
• Summary:
On this page number of basic information has been
defined;
What is the valves.
What is the valve's function.
Common types of valves.
How valves are classified.
The main component of valve.
Basic Concept
• Summary:
valves class and rating .
Valves materials.
Mode of operations.