EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY
Dr Muhammad Anwer
Emergence of Educational Technology
The process of transmission of theory, knowledge
and experiences to next generation is generally
recognized as Education
How to make educational process efficient and
effective?
Over the centuries, scientific, innovations were
applied to education for better outcomes
Emergence of a new field of study and research
which is known as educational technology
Emergence of Educational Technology
Simply, education technology referred as Technology
applied to education.
Educational technology applies the products of
science, scientific theory and principles and
discoveries to strengthen the process and
organization of education
Emergence of Educational Technology
Technology can refer to material objects of use to
humanity, such as machines or hardware, but it can also
encompass broader themes, including systems, methods
of organization, and techniques.
Some modern tools include but are not limited to
overhead projectors, laptop computers, and calculators.
Newer tools such as "smart phones" and games (both
online and offline) are beginning to draw serious attention
for their learning potential
ORIGIN OF EDUCATIONAL
TECHNOLOGY
A Duch theologian Residerious Erasmus, (1466-
1536) advocated that children should learn through
the pictures and visual aids
He criticized the rote memorization as the technique
of teaching and learning
Rousseau (1712-78) also stressed the need of
pictures and other playing material in educating the
child
Pestalozi (1756-1827) put Rouseaue's theory into
action in his 'object method' based on senserory
perception
ORIGIN OF EDUCATIONAL
TECHNOLOGY(Cntd)
The origin and development of educational
technology dates back to 1873, when an international
exhibition in Vienna, organized by American schools
with maps charts and text books got admiration of
educators
Subsequent Exhibitions were also held at Paris in
1878 and Melbourne in 1880.
Two world wars: high speed printing technology,
Radio, television, broadcasting, still and motion
pictures and information communication
technology
ORIGIN OF EDUCATIONAL
TECHNOLOGY(Cntd)
In 1926, Sidny L. Pressy developed a teaching
machine in Ohio State University. The machine was
used as a teaching aid; Machine can present the
content material and can provide immediate
reinforcement according to the responses of the
learner
The next remarkable development was the
scramblled text material invented by Lums Den and
Glaser (1936-40) to make the teaching and learning
individualized.
ORIGIN OF EDUCATIONAL
TECHNOLOGY(Cntd)
During the initial phase of its development,
Educational technology was considered only the use
of audio visual aids to teaching learning process.
Use of blackboard, pictures, charts and maps were
only the prominent features of educational technology
in the initial stage of its development
In 1950 Dr. Alving Erich, Dr. Alexander J. Stodard
gave the instructional process of American Education
a sharp push into the mass production technology
ORIGIN OF EDUCATIONAL
TECHNOLOGY(Cntd)
The Ford Foundation gave a special input to
instructional technology in USA by 1952, 20 states in
USA had provisions for educational broadcasting
Around the same time 98% of the schools in UK were
equipped with Radio and there were daily regular
programmes.
Open circuit television began to be used primarily for
broadcasting programmes for entertainment in 1950.
Since 1960 television has been used for educational
purposes to make education more effective.
ORIGIN OF EDUCATIONAL
TECHNOLOGY(Cntd)
The next innovation adopted was the .Micro teaching
which was first adopted at Stanford University in USA
in 1961 by D.W. Allen
Language laboratory was also the significant
development in the emergence of educational
technology in 1950s
Electronic and print media, projective techniques
were also developed
Observation of classroom interaction verbal and non
verbal teaching behavior was also analyzed in
quantitative terms
Three Aspects of Educational technology
MASS-COMMUNICATION
INDIVIDUAL LEARNING
GROUP LEARNING
1. Mass communication
Mass communication or mass instruction was the first
development in 1940. Researches and development
lead to the use of radio, television broadcast and
closed circuit television (CCTV) for mass instruction
CCTVs practice was not favoured by many of the
researchers because it lacked feedback and
interactivity, most programmes were crudely
produced and presented
The practice was therefore discontinued, the radio
and TV however survived.
2. Individualized learning
Individualized learning became the focus of many
researchers in the fifties, Coupled with Skinners
behavioural psychology
It led to the development of individualized learning.
Skinner propounded operant conditioning theory of
learning. And schedule of reinforcement for the
shaping of the behaviour
The work of B.F. Skinner gave the turning point to the
development of educational technology
3. Group Learning
The group learning aspects of educational technology
began to be favoured in view of its potentials to
develop group skills such as discussion and
interpersonal skills, research on group learning came
about with the humanistic psychology
The techniques of group dynamics refers to the
interactive process of learning from one another in
small groups' situations.
Simulation, role play and case study, projects are
some of the group learning techniques
EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY:
CONCEPT
In one sense education technology means
technology applied to education.
Educational technology is which optimize the human
learning.
Educational technology applies the products of
science, scientific theory and principles and
discoveries to strengthen the process and
organization of education.
Educational technology is comprises with two terms
"Education" and "Technology"
EDUCATION
Education is defined by scholars as a process of
development.
It is a process that includes all round development of
the personality of the individual.
All round development refers to an equal and
balanced development of all internal and external
aspects, dimensions and faculties of personality
Definitions of prominent educationist
According to MK Gandhiji, "By Education I mean all
round drowning out of the best in child and man's
body, mind and soul.“
According to Pestalozi, "Education is a natural,
harmonious, and progressive development of man's
innate powers."
According to Drever, "Education is a process in which
and by which knowledge, character and behaviour of
the young are shaped and moulded".
TECHNOLOGY
The term technology may be defined as an art of
application. The term "technology" is derived from
two Greek words; "Technico", "Taxree" and "logia".
Technico means - to carryout or doing things, where
as the taxree means - To weave, so, technology is
the art of doing things and "Logia" means systematic
study or science.
So, technology is concerned with the question how
effectively the available knowledge, means and
resources can be applied to produce something new?
EDUCATION TECHNOLOGY; MEANING
Educational technology explain that how the
educational process can be improved. It is concerned
with the enhancement of the Educational process
How the available means and resources may be best
utilized in educational process to make it effective?
So, that it could bring the all round changes in the
behaviour of the learner
Definitions of prominent educationists
According to Robert A Cox, "Educational technology
is the application of scientific process to man's
learning conditions to what has come recently to be
called educational or instructional technology".
According to I. K. Davis, "Educational technology is
concerned with the problems of education and
training context. And it is characterized by two
disciplined and systematic approach to the
organization of resources for learning".
Definitions
According to Commission on Instructional
Technology, USA, "Educational technology is a
systematic way of designing, implementing and
evaluating the total process of learning and teaching
in terms of specific objectives , based on research in
human learning and communication and employing a
combination of human and non human resources to
bring about mere effective instructions
Definitions
According to Association of Educational Communication
and Technology, USA, "Educational technology is a complex,
integrated process involving people, procedures, ideas, devices
and organizations for analyzing problems and devising,
implementing, evaluating and managing solutions to those
problems involved in all aspects of learning".
According to Council for Educational Technology, UK,
"Educational technology is the development, application and
evaluation of systems, techniques and aids to improve the
process of human learning".
TECHNOLOGY IN EDUCATION
It can be defined as the all types of hardware applied
in education that has been mainly the contribution of
engineers and other experts prominently outside the
educational field.
It refers to the use of technological hardware in
education. It is mainly concerned with electrical and
electronic gazettes which are used to facilitate the
teaching learning process
TECHNOLOGY OF EDUCATION
Its emphasis is on the various teaching learning
process which can be designed to help a learner to
optimize his learning
It also includes decisions about the educational
objectives to be achieved and decisions about the
size of the learning groups, learning sequencing,
teaching methods and selection of media.
It also embraces the selective use of media,
personnel, knowledge, ideas and resources in the
systematic planning, designing, production,
management and evaluation of the educational
process
APPROACHES TO EDUCATIONAL
TECHNOLOGY
Lums Dain in 1964, suggested that there may be
three educational technologies: these three
technologies are the chronicle stages of development
of educational technology. These are as follows:
(a) Educational Technology -first or Hardware
Approach
(b) Educational Technology -second or Software
Approach
(c) Educational Technology-third or System
Approach
(a) Educational Technology-First or
Hardware Approach
The origin of hardware approach is based on
the principles of physics and engineering
science.
This approach is the result of the impact of
scientific and technological developments
during the 19lh centaury.
Hardware approach is the mechanization of
the teaching and learning process
Hardware Approach (cntd)
Hardware technology is the systematic application of hard
material as teaching and learning material aids for the
optimum attainment of predetermined objectives
Hardware approach is also known as an audio-visual
approach in education.
Teaching aids like teaching machines, Radio, television,
tape recorder, Gramophone, and language laboratory are
applied to enhance the retention level of the learner
The material used as medium of instruction may be
categorized into three groups; audio, visual and audio-
visual
Audio
Language Laboratory, Educational radio. Sound distribution
system. Tape and Disk recording, Gramophone, Tape
Recorder Linguaphone, Microphone.
Visual
Display Boards, Chalkboards, Exhibits, Cartoons, Comics,
Diagrammes, Graphs, Posters, Photographs, Magnetic Board,
Real Objects, Puppets, Specimens, Pictures, Chart, Models,
Maps, Still Projector, OHP, Slide Projector, Flannel board,
Epidiascope
Audio-Video
Demonstration, Study Trips, Dramatics, Experimentation,
Field trips, Teaching Machines, Computer, Educational
television, CCTV,VCR,CD-P layer, Teleconferencing,
Internet, Movie Projector, LCD- Projector
Second or Software Approach
Its origin lies in the application of principles of behavioural
sciences to the problems of teaching and learning
It is characterized by task analysis, formulating objectives
selecting appropriate learning strategy, reinforcement and
evaluation
Software approach is the further development in
educational technology
This technology is related with courseware aspects of
teaching and learning. It is related with the learning
mechanism including desired modification in behavioural
potential of the learner
It is further categorized in teaching technology,
Instructional technology and behavioural technology
(i) Teaching technology
Teaching technology is the application of
philosophical, sociological and scientific knowledge to
teaching for achieving specific objectives.
Teaching technology consist concept of teaching and
the development of teaching principals, theories,
models, levels, methods and strategies with the help
of knowledge available in other fields of studies
Teaching technology answer the question that how to
make teaching effective?
Assumptions of teaching
technology
Teaching is a scientific process based on content and
communication.
Desired learning structure may be generated with the help
of appropriate teaching situations.
A close relationship can be established between teaching
and learning.
Teaching activities can be modified and improved.
Learning objectives may be achieved by performing
teaching activities
(ii) Instructional Technology
Instructional technology is concerned with the question
that how to apply or utilize the scientific knowledge of
psychology, Sociology, and principles of learning in
designing effective and efficient child centered interactive
learning programmes for better learning outcomes?
Instructional technology emerged against the notion of
traditional class room teaching which have a great demerit
of problem of individual differences
(ii) Instructional Technology
cntd
The laboratory experiments of Bf Skinner gave the
new dimension to the learning mechanism by his
Operant conditioning theory of learning
Instructional technology emphasizes on the learning
rather then teaching
Instructional technology incorporates the theories of
learning; principles of communication and hypothesis
of interest, motivation and participation of learner
Assumptions of Instructional
technology
Learning material can be analyzed into small components
Learning situation can be generated by arranging the
comp
Learning by self-experiences/active responding pave the
way of durable learning.
Immediate reinforcement/confirmation of responses of
learner results in better learning outcomes
(iii) Behavioural Technology
Behavioural technology is related with the
behavioural engineering, in simple words it is
concerned with the modification in the behaviour
It is concerned with how to bring desired changes in
the human behaviour? How to shape, modify, alter,
and refine the human behaviour through creating a
favourable environment?
Assumptions of the behavioural
technology
Behaviour is observable.
Behaviour is measurable and quantifiable
Behaviour is relative to the time place and situation.
The nature of behaviour is Psychological and Social
Behaviour if modifiable, changeable, alterable
through creating a situation.
Difference between Hardware and
Software Approach
Origin
Hardware Software Approach
Approach
It is originated Its origin is from science of behaviour,
from physics sociology and philosophy
and engineering
science
Exponents
Hardware Software Approach
Approach
Chief The major contributors in software
exponents in approach are BF Skinner, Norman A.
hardware Crowder, Amidon, Mager, Gilbert, I.K.
approach are Davis, D.G. Rayan, [Link], Joyece and
Silverman, Weils, N.L. Gage, Robert Gagne, Bruner
Sidny L. and Robert Glaser and Ned A. Flander have
Pressy, Lumes contributed to the software approach.
Dain, Robert
Glaser, and
Adger Dale.
Meaning
Hardware Approach Software Approach
Hardware technology may be Software technology suggests the different
explained as systematic applications of principles and theories of
application of hard materials learning, motivation and feedback,
like machines, tools, and audio (Psychology, sociology, philosophy) to the
visual materials to facilitate teaching, learning, instruction and training
teaching, learning, instruction interns of desired modification of
and training, as a powerful behavioural potential. To make whole the
medium of communication. It educational procedure effective
is concerned with the effective
transaction of the information
from the part of teacher to the
part of the learner.
Assumptions
Hardware Approach Software Approach
Machines and technology Behaviour can be observed,
is closely related with the measured and analyzed objectively
technology of teaching. and quantitatively. 1 Behaviour can
• Man functions like a be categorized in to its domains.
machine and behaviour can Behaviour has socio, psycho and
be modified with dynamic philosophical bases.
feedback and control. Behaviour can be modified in
Favourable environment desired direction
can be developed with
media machines, material
and tools for better learning
outcomes.
Principles
Hardware Approach Software Approach
• Principle of feedback * Principles of reinforcement
Principle of control. and motivation.
• Principles of cybernetics are Principles of psychology,
used to generate a sociology and philosophy
conductive climate are applied in software
approach.
Nature
Hardware Approach Software Approach
• Hardware are concrete in • Software approach is abstract
nature and it mechanizes the in nature. It emphasis on the
educational process. deliberate changes in the
• It includes supporting devices behaviour of students and
as media of Communication teachers through feedback,
in creating a learning reinforcement and
situation for better learning motivation. It is concerned
outcomes. with shaping, modifications
• It helps in providing concrete and desired changes in the
experiences to the learner. behaviour.
• It may be said that technology • It is known as technology of
in education education
Types
Hardware Approach Software Approach
• Hardware technology is related • In this approach theory and
with the use and production of principles of different fields
educational media which is of are applied in following
three kinds. aspects of Educational
• Audio:- Radio, Tape- Recordeder, process.
Lingua Phone, Microphone, • Teaching Technology: Concept
Loudspeakers, Sound of Teaching, Theories,
Distribution System, Language Maxims, Principles, Phases,
Laboratory, Tape and Disk Levels, Models, Methods,
Recording Techniques, Skills,
• Video: - Pictures, Chart, Models, Strategies, of Teaching.
Maps, Still Movie Projector, Managing Teaching
OHP, Learning.
Types
Hardware Approach Software Approach
1 Video; - Pictures, Chart, Instructional
Models, Maps, Still Movie Technology:
Projector, OHP, Slide Programme
Projector, Black Board, Instruction, Linear,
Flannel Board, Display branching, Methatics
Board, Epidiascope. Audio- programming, CAI,
Visual:- TV, Computer, CAL, CMI,
CCTV, Video-Tape, VCR, Programme
Teleconferencing, Movie construction Behavioural Technology:
Projector, LCD Projector Theory of Teacher Behaviour, Analysis of
Classroom Interaction, Feedback Devices,
FIAC, Micro Teaching, SSST, T-Group
Training, models of classroom interaction.
Merits
Hardware Approach Software Approach
It makes communication Software technology is
process effective in education. helpful in making education
Multisensory instructions may more scientific and
be provided with the help of psychological. It develops
machine and tools. It makes theories, methods, and skills
communication conductive two for teaching, training and
ways. learning.
It makes teaching and learning
interesting and learner
centered.
Third or System approach
System approach is the application of theories and
principles of management in complex problem solving in
education, industry, army and administration.
It is also known as management approach.
This approach is based on the system analysis which
suggests the solution of the problems encountered in the
management and administration in different institutions
and organizations
In the system approach systematic and scientific
investigation is done in relation of the educational
problems and scientific solutions are suggested on the
bases of the results or data analysis
Nature of Educational Technology
On the basis of above discussion the nature of educational
technology my be characterized as following
• It is an applied field of study; it suggests how to apply
the knowledge and products of other fields to the process
of education to make it effective. It is a continuous and
dynamic field of studies.
• Educational technology makes the educational process
systematic and scientific. It has provided a scientific
foundation to education process. It makes teaching,
learning and training scientific, objective, simple, and
interesting
Nature of Educational Technology
• It makes educational process child centered.
Its focal point is the learner. Stress is laid on
the use of audio visual aids and new
innovations and discoveries in teaching,
learning and training to make educational
process successful.
It emphasizes how to create Conductive
climate to provide learning experiences to the
learner.
Nature of Educational Technology
It is based on the notion maximum output with the help of
minimum input. Educational Technology suggests use of
appropriate teaching strategies and tactics for desired
learning outcomes.
• It helps in developing appropriate school environment
through the application of principles of management and
administration for better relationships and effective
functioning of the school administration.
Nature of Educational Technology
It is related with the improvement in institutional
performance. Educational technology answers how to
plan, organize, lead and control educational process.
Educational technology is concerned with the overall
effectiveness and efficient functioning of the
educational system.
Scope of Educational Technology
Educational Technology for Attainment of
Educational goal
Educational Technology in Evaluation and
Examinations
Educational Technology in Managing
Educational Technology in Management and
Administration
Educational Technology in Special Education
Scope of Educational Technology
Educational Technology in Distance
Education;
Educational Technology in Teacher
Education
Educational Technology for Skill
Development
Guidance and Counseling
Educational Research
Big issues in Education and
Technology
One of the things that makes teaching so
challenging is that it goes on in an environment that
mirrors (and sometimes magnifies) some of
society’s most profound and problematic issues.
Adding computers to this mix makes the situation
even more complex. Yet to integrate technology
successfully into their teaching, educators must
recognize and be prepared to work in this
environment with all of its complexities.
Societal issues
Economic, political and social trends have a
great impact on weather or not innovations
take hold, or have limited acceptance, or are
ignored completely. At this time, these trends
are generating strong pro- and anti-
technology views.
Pro-technology movements in
society
Increasing cost of education.
Dissatisfaction with current education system.
Cost effective learning with technology.
Distance learning: a way of decreasing cost.
Computer software and network system.
Compulsory computers for students
Anti-technology movements in
society
Parallel view with a pro-technology.
Technology causes complications.
Limit independence.
A fuel for moral decay.
No personal and individual interaction.
Cutting on music, Art and physical education.
Educators can exert a powerful influence for
technology integration.
Cultural and Equity Issue
Power of Technology is two ended sword for
especially for education:
Potential for changing education and
empowering teachers and students.
May further divide members of society along
socio-economic, ethnic, and cultural lines and
widen the gender gaps.
Economic and ethnic inequity
Student with educational advantages get more
access to technology.
A study by Becker confirmed a correlation between
school district’s socio-economic levels and their
levels of micro-computer resources.
Inequity affect everything from basic supplies such
as paper and pencils to library resources and even
the quality of teachers.
Wealthier family students more likely to have
computers and other technology resources at home
rather than poor families.
Poor students could be hampered in their learning
and therefore earning.
Same problem can be applied to ethnic groups.
Minority students do not have the same access to
the courses like maths as there white peers have.
The most needy students are getting least access to
technology. (educational testing services 1997).
The technology gap is narrowing for Hispanic
students but not for African Americans.
Under representations in math, science and
engineering.
Multicultural Inequity
Use of technology in multicultural education,
including telecommunication activities to promote
communication among people of different cultures;
applications that address special language, visual
and multimedia application.
Several culture related problems related to
technology use.
Counter computer culture based on social
physiological and religious grounds.
Technology can be helpful (making students aware of
cultures other than their own, creating an interest in
interacting with people of other cultures, and teaching
about common attributes of all cultures despite their
many differences), the next steps are more difficult
because they require accepting, learning from, and
appreciating people of other cultures.
Schools must build upon the relatively superficial
activities of tele-pals and learning about various
foods and holidays in other cultures.
African-American students use less computers then
there white peers.
Gender Inequity
Girls tend to use computers less than
boys.(Bohlan:1993, Warren:1997)
This unequal use extends to vocational areas such
as math, science, engineering and computer
science. There may be a variety of reasons for this
disparity:
may be reaction to stereo types on media
Woman using computer tend to involve clerical tasks.
Technology associate with stereo typical male areas.
Software emphasis on violent video games that appeal
more to boys.
Many blame subtle and overt classroom practices for
making girls think that computers are not for them and
lack of female teacher role models.
Equity for special need students
Rural schools have more severe equity problems of
all types than there urban counterparts.
A variety of adoptive devices have been designed
to allow handicapped students to take advantage of
technology and to enhance personal freedom.
Fredman(1991) say that using the computer
unlocks there potential. It is enabling to-align them
to function as other students without the barriers
that there handicaps impose.
Computers locations are not wheel chair accessible.
A subtle kind of technology that lower ability
students use of computer is limited to low level ones
such as remedial drills and practice applications.
The powerful high level applications are directed
towards high ability students.
Educational Issues
Trends in educational systems are inter-
wined with trends in technology and society..
The directed verses constructivist debate:
Directed methods are more traditional ,
teacher-delivered ones and technology uses
matched to them have more tradition of
addressing specific educational problems.
Educator who promote constructivist teaching
and learning strategies are critical of directed
methods, calling them outmoded, unsuccessful
in addressing education’s most pressing
problems.
On the other hand promoters of directed
methods feel that constructive methods are
unscientific and impractical.
Educator should use each kind of strategy
matched to their needs.
Interdisciplinary verses single-
subject instructions.
Not new- Plato thought that interdisciplinary
instruction would allow students to gain a
broad understanding of complex ideas.
Aristotle believed that pure knowledge of a
discipline is necessary to gain true
understanding.
The debate about breath verses depth
continue today.
Curriculum is divided into discrete subject areas,
teaching each in isolation.
Most efficient way to assure instruction is given in
specific skills for a variety of content areas.
Integration of technology followed a similar pattern.
Software companies geared to traditional subject
areas.
Curriculum development: link several disciplines in a
context of single unit or lesson.
Interdisciplinary reflect societal trend that
system works much better when there is a
connection between components.
Teachers who are comfortable with
technology in their classrooms take more
flexible , even experimental approaches to
teaching.
Many software companies offer products that
model subject area integration.
