Lecture - 2

Classes in C++
CS223- Object Oriented Programming
 Example
 Person
 Data: name, age, gender, bank accno.,…
 Methods: getname(),getage(),…

 LaptopVendor
 Data: stock,supplier,actual_cost,…
 Methods: getquotation(),buy(),…

 Circle
 Data: radius
 Methods: getradius(),getarea(),…

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 Classes (in C++)
 A class definition begins with the keyword class.
 The body of the class is contained within a set of braces, {
} ; (notice the semi-colon).

class class_name
{ Any valid
…. identifier
….
…. Class body (data member
}; + methods)

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Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute – Spring 2012
 Classes (in C++)
 Within the body, the keywords private: and public: specify
the access level of the members of the class.
 the default is private.

 Usually, the data members of a class are declared in the

private: section of the class and the member functions are in
public: section.

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Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute – Spring 2012
 Classes (in C++)

class class_name
{
private: private members or
… methods
…
…
public:
… Public members or methods
…
…
};

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Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute – Spring 2012
 Example of a Class (in C++)

class someobject //declares a class

{
private:
int somedata; //class data
public:
void setdata(int d) //membership function to set data
{ somedata=d; }
int getdata() //membership function to get data
{ return somedata; }
}

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 Classes in C++
 Member access specifiers
 public:
 can be accessed outside the class directly.
 The public stuff is the interface.

 private:
 Accessible only to member functions of class
 Private members and methods are for internal use only.

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 Classes in C++
 This class example shows how we can encapsulate (gather) a
circle information into one package (unit or class)

No need for others classes to

class Circle access and retrieve its value
{ directly. The class methods are
responsible for that only.
private:
double radius;
public:
void setRadius(double r); They are accessible from outside
double getDiameter(); the class, and they can access the
double getArea(); member (radius)
double getCircumference();
};

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 Classes and Objects
 A class is a prototype specification from which
 one can generate a number of similar objects
 A class can be considered as an object factory.
 An object is said to be a member or instance of a class
 A class can be considered as a more complex
data structure than an ordinary built-in data type
 Standard C already knows the struct command for user
defined data types:

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 Implementing Member Functions
 2 ways of writing the code of class methods.

1. Member functions defined outside class

 Using Binary scope resolution operator (::)
 Uniquely identify functions of particular class
 Different classes can have member functions with same name
 Format for defining member functions

2. Member functions defined inside class

 Do not need scope resolution operator, class name;

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 Case 1: Outside the Class
class Circle
{
private:
double radius;
public:
void setRadius(double r){radius = r;}
double getDiameter(){ return radius *2;}
double getArea();
double getCircumference();
};
double Circle::getArea()
Defined outside class
{
return radius * radius * (22.0/7);
}
double Circle:: getCircumference()
{
return 2 * radius * (22.0/7);
}
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 Case 2: Inside the Class

class Circle Defined

{ inside
private: class
double radius;
public:
void setRadius(double r){radius = r;}
double getDiameter(){ return radius *2;}
double getArea();
double getCircumference();
};

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 Accessing Class Members
 Operators to access class members
 Identical to those for structs
 Dot member selection operator (.)
 Object
 Reference to object
 Arrow member selection operator (->)
 Pointers

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 Example
class Circle
{
private:
double radius;
public:
void setRadius(double r){radius = r;}
double getDiameter(){ return radius *2;}
double getArea();
double getCircumference();
}; void main()
{
Circle c;
double Circle::getArea() Circle *cp1 = &c;
{ [Link](7);
return radius * radius * (22.0/7);
} char* str1="Area of circle is ";
double Circle:: getCircumference() char* str2 =" and its diameter is ";
{ cout<<str1<<cp1->getArea()<<
return 2 * radius * (22.0/7); str2<<[Link]()<<endl;
char ch=getche();
} 29
}
Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute – Spring 2012
 Summary
1. Different entities are objects
2. Interaction happens between objects (like in real life)
3. Computation: sending & receiving messages (requests +
arguments)
4. Each Object has its own memory (other objects)
5. Every object is instance of some class.
6. Class is a repository for behaviors.

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 Course Text Books
 C++
 C++ - How to Program
 Deitel & Deitel
 The Waite’s Group’s Object-Oriented Programming in C++,
 Robert Lafore

 Java
 Java- How to program (recommended)
 Deitel & Deitel, Prentice Hall.

 Beginning Java 2, JDK 5 Edition

 Ivor Horton

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 Reference Material
 Object Oriented Design and UML
 Design Patterns,Addison-Wesley
 Erich Gamma
 The Unified Modeling Language User Guide,
 Grady Booch,Addison-Wesley
UML Distilled,Addison-Wesley
 Martin Fowler

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Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute – Spring 2012