DEVELOPING SKILLS Set B

Unit 19 Relative clauses Grammar & Usage

Grammar & Usage

Unit 19 Relative clauses
19.1 What are they?
19.2 Defining relative clauses
19.3 Non-defining clauses
19.4 Prepositions + which and whom
Grammar Practice
Part A Part B Part C Part D Part E
Language Practice
Part A Part B Part C

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 DEVELOPING SKILLS Set B
Unit 19 Relative clauses Grammar & Usage

19.1 What are they?

A relative clause is the part of a sentence that tells us
which person or thing is being talked about, or gives more
information about a person or a thing.

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Which of those girls The one who is wearing

is Tom’s sister? glasses (is Tom’s sister).

A B

Is that the novel No, this is the one (which)

(which) you borrowed I bought yesterday.
from Tom?
B
A
There are two kinds of relative clauses: defining and non-
defining. Both kinds may be introduced by relative
pronouns (who, whom, which, that, etc.).
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19.2 Defining relative clauses

Defining clauses contain essential information that clearly
indicates which person or thing we are talking about (i.e.
noun).

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• about people (i.e. who is being talked about)

subject/
relative object of the
examples
pronouns relative
clause

who, that subject The old couple who/that live

next door seldom have
visitors.
Compare: The old couple
seldom have
visitors. They live
next door.

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subject/
relative object of the
examples
pronouns relative
clause

whom, who, object The boy who/whom/that we

that met just now is Susan’s
brother.
Compare: The boy is
Susan’s brother.
We met him just
now.

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Unit 19 Relative clauses Grammar & Usage

subject/
relative object of the
examples
pronouns relative
clause

whose + subject, I have a friend whose

noun possessive brother is a famous
relative designer.
pronoun
Compare: I have got a friend.
(replaces
His brother is a
his/her/its)
famous designer.

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Unit 19 Relative clauses Grammar & Usage

1 As the object of the clause, the relative pronoun

can be omitted.
The boy (who/that) we met just now is
Susan’s brother.

2 In informal conversation, who can be substituted

for whom as the object of the relative clause.
The boy who we met just now is Susan’s
brother.
That is often used instead of who/which in informal
situations.

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Unit 19 Relative clauses Grammar & Usage

• about things/places (i.e. what is being talked about)

subject/
relative object of the
examples
pronouns relative
clause
Teacher’s notes

which, that subject & Did you see the book which/
object that was on the table this
morning? (which is the
subject of the relative clause)
Compare: Did you see the
book? It was on
the table this
morning.
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Unit 19 Relative clauses Grammar & Usage

subject/
relative object of the
examples
pronouns relative
clause

which, that subject & Is this the book which/that

object you bought last week?
(which/that is the object of
the relative clause)
Compare: Is this the book?
You bought it last
week.

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Unit 19 Relative clauses Grammar & Usage

As the object of the relative clause, the relative

pronoun can be omitted.
Is this the book you bought last week?

• with where, when and why/that

We can use where, when and why/that for relative clauses
after nouns that refer to place, time and reason.

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Unit 19 Relative clauses Grammar & Usage

relative
about examples
pronouns

where place The hotel where we stayed was

quite far from the airport.
Compare: The hotel at which
we stayed was quite
far from the airport.
The hotel we stayed
at was quite far from
the airport.

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relative
about examples
pronouns

when time Do you remember the day when

we first met?

(a) That can also be used in

place of when.
(b) When can be omitted.
Do you remember the
day we first met?

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relative
about examples
pronouns

why, that reason Is there a reason why/that you

don’t like her?

We may also omit why/that.

Is there a reason you
don’t like her?

Teacher’s notes

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• Infinitives and participles instead of relative clauses

 After first, second, next, last, only and sometimes
after superlative (tallest, most difficult, etc.), a to-
infinitive is more usual than a relative clause.
Who was the last person to leave the
classroom yesterday?
Compare: Who was the last person who
left the classroom yesterday?
It was the most important thing to do that
day.

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 We can use a present participle when the verb in the

clause expresses a continuous or repeated action.
People living in tropical countries usually
wear lightweight clothing.

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Unit 19 Relative clauses Grammar & Usage

19.3 Non-defining clauses

Non-defining clauses do not tell us which person or thing
is being described. We use these clauses to provide
interesting additional information about a person or thing
that has already been specified.
My father, who works in a bank, often comes
home late for dinner.

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Unit 19 Relative clauses Grammar & Usage

As you can see from the example above, non-defining

clauses that occur in the middle of a sentence are
separated by commas from the rest of the sentence. If the
non-defining clause occurs at the end of a sentence, a
comma is placed before the relative pronoun. In speech,
these commas are where a speaker would pause. Non-
defining clauses are generally formal, and therefore they
are not common in informal speaking situations.

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Unit 19 Relative clauses Grammar & Usage

• with who, whom, which

relative subject/
about examples
pronouns object

who people can be I’m grateful to Paul, who

used as helped us when we moved
a house. (formal)
subject

whom people can be It was not easy to break up

used as with Paul, whom she had
an known for years. (formal)
object

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relative subject/
about examples
pronouns object

which things can be We visited the Great Wall,

used as which was magnificent.
a Which is used as the subject of
subject the relative clause. (formal)
or an
I gave her my telephone
object
number, which she wrote
down in her notebook. Which
is used as the object of the
relative clause. (formal)

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• with whose, where and when

relative
about examples
pronouns

whose possession – Paul, whose sister is my

people/thing classmate, is leaving for Australia
(relative tomorrow.
possessive)

where place We took a No.75K bus to Bride’s

Pool Waterfall, where we had a
barbecue.

when time That September, when we met,

was one of the wettest on record.
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Unit 19 Relative clauses Grammar & Usage

• with which (referring to a whole sentence)

We can use which to refer to the whole sentence, rather
than only the noun before it.
Susan failed the test, which surprised us all.
Compare: Susan failed the test. This/That
surprised us all.
whole
sentence

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Unit 19 Relative clauses Grammar & Usage

19.4 Prepositions + which and whom

We can use a preposition before which and whom (for
whom, in which, etc.) in both defining and non-defining
relative clauses.
The girl about whom I told you is here now.
(formal)
Compare: The girl is here now. I told you
about her.
Jack’s sister, about whom I told you, is here
now. (formal)

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Unit 19 Relative clauses Grammar & Usage

The camera with which I took the wedding pictures

belongs to my aunt.
Compare: The camera belongs to my aunt. I
took the wedding pictures with the
camera.
I borrowed my aunt’s camera, with which I took
the wedding pictures. (formal)

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Unit 19 Relative clauses Grammar & Usage

1 In informal situations, it is more common to use who

instead of whom.
The girl who I told you about is here now.

2 We can use the structures some of/one of/three of/

each of/many of/much of/all of/none of, etc. +
whom/which in non-defining clauses.
Jane has two brothers, both of whom are
married. (formal)
There are three rooms in the flat, none of
which have a harbour view.

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3 In informal situations:
• it is more common to put the preposition at the
end of the defining clause, and to use that
instead of which or who/whom.
The girl that I told you about is here
now.
The house that they lived in was
damaged in the cyclone.

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• it is also possible to leave out the relative

pronoun.
The girl I told you about is here now.
The house they lived in was damaged
in the cyclone.

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• we can put the preposition towards the end of a

non-defining clause and use who instead of
whom, but we can’t use that or leave out the
relative pronoun.
Miss Lai, who I learned the
news from, is a friend of my brother’s.
John’s parents’ country house,
which we spent the night in last
summer, was damaged in the cyclone
last week.

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Unit 19 Relative clauses Grammar & Usage

Grammar Practice
Complete the sentences below using who, whom, which,
that or whose. If these words can be omitted, put them in
brackets. If there is more than one possible answer, you can
write more than one answer. The first one has been done for
you.

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Unit 19 Relative clauses Grammar & Usage

1 I’ve finished the book ____________________

(which/that) I borrowed
from the library.

2 (that/whom/who)
Who was the girl _________________________ you were
speaking to just now?

3 which/that
The lock ___________________ was broken has now been
repaired.

4 which/that
Did you see the letter ___________________ came this
morning? I can’t find it anywhere.

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5 Belinda’s cat, _____________

which she chose from the RSPCA,
has run away.

6 whose
A nurse is a professional _______________ job is to care for
sick people.

7 who/that
The firm is looking for someone _________________speaks
English and Putonghua fluently.

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Unit 19 Relative clauses Grammar & Usage

8 which
The bay in Mui Wo, _______________ is also known as Silver
Mine Bay, is named after the former silver mines in a nearby
valley.

9 whose
Mr Wong, _______________ flat is above ours, used to be
in a band.

10 I’ve lost her address, _______________

which I wrote down on a
piece of paper.

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 DEVELOPING SKILLS Set B
Unit 19 Relative clauses Grammar & Usage

Fill in the following blanks with suitable prepositions

where necessary. If no preposition is needed, put a cross
‘’. The first two have been done for you.

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Unit 19 Relative clauses Grammar & Usage

1 to
The person _____________ whom this letter is addressed
has moved out.

2 
The Hong Kong Museum of Art, _____________ which is
located in the heart of Tsim Sha Tsui, showcases over
15,000 art objects.

3 I wonder who she’s talking _____________

with/to on the phone.

4 The sofa I slept _____________

on last night wasn’t very
comfortable.

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Unit 19 Relative clauses Grammar & Usage

5 Do you know the name of the boy whom she went to the
with
cinema _____________ last night?

6 in
She plans to visit the town she was born ____________ .

7 in
The pollution index for the district _____________ which we
live is often very high.

8 from
They went to the Peak, _____________ which they got a
good view of the harbour.

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Unit 19 Relative clauses Grammar & Usage

9 
The photos he showed us _____________ were taken by
his brother.

with/for
10 The people he is working _____________ are very friendly.

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 DEVELOPING SKILLS Set B
Unit 19 Relative clauses Grammar & Usage

Complete the sentences below with relative clauses using the

expressions in the box. Put the relative pronouns in brackets
if they can be omitted. The first one has been done for you.

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Unit 19 Relative clauses Grammar & Usage

1 (who/whom/that) you saw at the

Is that the girl ____________________________________
party last night
_______________________________________________ ?

2 The tourist wanted to personally thank the taxi driver _____

who/that found his wallet and gave it in to the
________________________________________________
police
_______________________________________________ .

3 which/that
Twelve children were injured when the bus _____________
was taking them to school
________________________________________________
____________________________ crashed on the highway.

BOX P.162
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Unit 19 Relative clauses Grammar & Usage

4 (which/that) Ben made at the

The proposal _____________________________________
meeting
_____________________________________ sounded good.

5 whose relatives died of

A woman ________________________________________
AIDs
_________________ has tested positive for the deadly virus.

6 (that) Mrs Leung’s husband was

The hospital _____________________________________
admitted to/where Mrs Leung’s husband was
________________________________________________
admitted
_______________________________ is in Eastern District.

BOX P.162
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7 (which/that) Kate’s brother applied

The job _________________________________________
for/for which Kate’s brother applied
_______________________________________ pays well.

8 where they
They booked a room on the top floor, _________________
had a bird’s eye view of the city
_______________________________________________ .

9 (which/that) I bought last

Where is the magazine _____________________________
night
_______________________________________________ ?

BOX P.162
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Unit 19 Relative clauses Grammar & Usage

Lily’s grandparents often

10 The restaurant ____________________________________
go to for dim sum/where Lily’s grandparents
________________________________________________
often go for dim sum
_______________________________ closed down yesterday.

BOX P.162
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Unit 19 Relative clauses Grammar & Usage

Read the following information about Paul and his friends. Use
the information to complete each sentence using a non-
defining clause. The first two have been done for you.

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1. Tim one of Paul’s best friends

2. Melinda Paul sometimes walks to school with her

3. Steve studying in Australia

4. Ron interests include classical and jazz music

5. Kate parents have a large house in Dongguan

6. tennis the only outdoor game Paul plays

7. shoe boxes Paul kept his toys in them when he was a child

8. David Melinda’s boyfriend

9. reading Paul’s favourite pastime

10. pen Paul gave it to Steve before Steve left for Australia

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Unit 19 Relative clauses Grammar & Usage

1 (who is) one of his best

Paul often turns to Tim, ____________________________
friends
______________________________________ , for advice.

2 who he
Paul is waiting for Melinda, _________________________
sometimes walks to school with
_______________________________________________ .

3 who is now studying

Paul often writes to Steve, __________________________
in Australia
_______________________________________________ .

4 Paul doesn’t share Ron’s interests, ___________________

which include
classical and jazz music
_______________________________________________ .

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5 whose parents have a large house in

Kate, ___________________________________________
Dongguan
________________ , has invited Paul to her birthday party.

6 (which is) the only outdoor

Paul is good at tennis, ______________________________
game he plays
_______________________________________________ .

7 These are Paul’s shoe boxes, ________________________

in which/where he kept
his toys when he was a child
_______________________________________________ .

8 (who is)
Paul used to go to the same school as David, ___________
Melinda’s boyfriend
_______________________________________________ .

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9 (which is) his favourite

Paul says that reading, _____________________________
pastime
________________ , has helped to improve his vocabulary.

10 The pen on Steve’s desk, ___________________________

which Paul gave
him before he left for Australia
_______________________________________________ ,
is Steve’s favourite.

INFORMATION P.163
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 DEVELOPING SKILLS Set B
Unit 19 Relative clauses Grammar & Usage

Join each pair of sentences with a relative pronoun. Add

commas where necessary. The first one has been done for you.

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Unit 19 Relative clauses Grammar & Usage

1 There is someone here./He wants to speak to you.

There is someone here who wants to speak to

________________________________________________
you.
________________________________________________

2 The man has been discharged./He was admitted yesterday with

head injuries.

The man who was admitted yesterday with head

________________________________________________
injuries has been discharged.
________________________________________________

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3 Mary has a good voice./We asked her to sing at the party last
night.

Mary, whom/who we asked to sing at the

__________________________________________
party last night, has a good voice.
____________________________________________

4 The company plans to employ 200 more workers./It made large

profits last year.

The company, which made large profits last

________________________________________________
year, plans to employ 200 more workers.
________________________________________________

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Unit 19 Relative clauses Grammar & Usage

5 Do you know Mrs Lee?/Her daughter has appeared in several

TV commercials.

Do you know Mrs Lee, whose daughter has

________________________________________________
appeared in several TV commercials?
________________________________________________

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Unit 19 Relative clauses Grammar & Usage

6 Mr and Mrs Smith seem to be enjoying themselves in Hong

Kong./We had dinner with them at a Chinese restaurant last
night.

Mr and Mrs Smith, with whom we had dinner at

________________________________________________
a Chinese restaurant last night/who we had
________________________________________________
dinner at a Chinese restaurant last night with,
________________________________________________
seem to be enjoying themselves in Hong Kong.
________________________________________________

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Unit 19 Relative clauses Grammar & Usage

7 This letter has only just arrived./It was sent by air mail.

This letter, which was sent by air mail, has

________________________________________________
only just arrived.
________________________________________________

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8 The game show is one of ATV’s new programmes./Its ratings

have risen steadily.

The game show, whose ratings have risen

________________________________________________
steadily/the ratings of which have risen steadily,
________________________________________________
is one of ATV’s new programmes.
________________________________________________

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9 Several people were gathering around the damaged car./The

windscreen and headlights of the car had been smashed.

Several people were gathering around the

________________________________________________
damaged car, whose windscreen and headlights
________________________________________________
had been smashed/the windscreen and
________________________________________________
headlights of which had been smashed.
________________________________________________

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10 The 25-year-old man finished the 10K road race easily./He is

an avid runner.

The 25-year-old man, who is an avid runner,

________________________________________________
finished the 10K road race easily.
________________________________________________

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Language Practice
Fill in the blanks in the following passage with an
appropriate expression from the list below (A-L). You can
use each expression ONCE only. The first one has been done
for you.

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id you go to the Strangeness of the Human Body

Exhibition? There were more than 160 items on show, (1)
G . Visitors were encouraged to get close to exhibits,
______
I
which drew large crowds of people curious (2) ______ .

There were mixed reactions from people. Some found it (3)

______
B . ‘The exhibit (4) ______
H showed a damaged liver,’
said one of the visitors. ‘(5) ______
J made me more aware of
the importance of a healthy lifestyle.’

LIST P.165
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D agreed that the exhibition was a unique

Teachers (6) ______
biology lesson for their students.

Some visitors however, were pleased (7) ______

A . ‘It made me
(8) ______
E ,’ a woman in her thirties said. ‘I lost my appetite for
several days after (9) ______
K .’ ‘I felt very uncomfortable
watching (10) ______
C ,’ another said. ‘Bodies shouldn’t
L . Dead people deserve to be treated
be exposed (11) ______
in a (12) _______
F .’

LIST P.165
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Fill in each blank in the passage with ONE word only

which best completes the meaning. Write your answers in
the spaces on the right. The first one has been done for
you.

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The Hong Kong Observatory (1) the first issued

(1) ____________

typhoon signal last month when Typhoon

Neoguri, the second earliest typhoon (2) in recorded
(2) ____________

Hong Kong’s history, (3) the territory. hit

(3) ____________

With winter (4) longer than usual, there has lasting

(4) ____________

been speculation that Hong Kong may be in

(5) an extremely hot summer. for
(5) ____________

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However, H.G. Wai, Assistant Director of the

Observatory, said there is no direct correlation
(6) season length and future weather conditions. between
(6) ____________

‘If more tropical cyclones (7) near the form/appear

(7) ____________

Phillipines, the chances of hotter weather in

greater/
Hong Kong will be (8) , with temperatures (9) higher
(8) ____________

as high as 36° C,’ Wai said. reaching

(9) ____________

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Mr Wai admitted that global warming is (10) making

(10) ____________

the task of weather forecasting more (11) . difficult

(11) ____________

To (12) with the more demanding tasks (13) cope

(12) ____________

are required of the observatory, a high- that

(13) ____________

performance computer will soon be (14) ,

purchased
(14) ____________
thus enabling greater precision in weather
forecasting. According to Mr Wai, the Hong
Kong Observatory’s equipment is not as
advanced (15) that of the mainland. as
(15) ____________

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‘The new computer should be (16) service (17) in

(16) ____________

the middle of next year,’ he informed (18) by

(17) ____________

press. the
(18) ____________

HONG KONG
OBSERVATORY

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Fill in each blank in the letter with ONE word only which
best completes the meaning. Write your answers in the
spaces on the right. The first one has been done for you.

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Dear Kate

Thanks (1) your letter of January 12, (2) for for

(1) ____________

some unknown reason didn’t (3) me until which

(2) ____________

yesterday. I’m (4) that you and your sister are reach
(3) ____________

well, and that your brother got the job he glad

(4) ____________

applied (5) . for

(5) ____________

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Nothing much seems to have happened here

(6) you left, except that Jacky, our dog, (7) we since
(6) ____________
Teacher’s notes
all loved very much, died last month. We who/whom
(7) ____________

were all very (8) , as you can imagine, but sad

(8) ____________

we’re beginning to get (9) to her absence now. used

(9) ____________

where
(10) ____________
Do you remember the restaurant (10) we used to
sometimes have lunch?

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It has closed down as the building is being (11) demolished

(11) ____________

to make way for a new office tower. I go to

away
(12) ____________
another restaurant further (12) now, but the food
as/so
(13) ____________
isn’t (13) good and the place is always crowded,
which
(14) ____________
(14) makes me miss our favourite restaurant all

the more!

We’ll be celebrating Chinese New Year (15) in

(15) ____________

a few days’ time.

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 DEVELOPING SKILLS Set B
Unit 19 Relative clauses Grammar & Usage

It’s a (16) we won’t be able to celebrate the shame/pity

(16) ____________

occasion together.

Mum and Dad send their best wishes to you all

(17) a happy and prosperous New Year. for
(17) ____________

Write again (18) you have time. (18) ____________

when

Best wishes
Helen

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