LEARNING
DR. ROWENA M. CUEVILLAS
PROFESSOR
DEFINITION OF LEARNING
LEARNING is a process gathered from relatively permanent
changes in behavior that results from practice or interaction with
the environment.
LEARNING involves the modification of behavior and the
formation of habits which results in the acquisition of new
patterns of behavior.
LEARNING is relatively permanent change in behavior brought
about by experience, maturation and performance.
RULES IN LEARNING
1. Learning is active.
Learning is not just “ soaking up” or absorbing knowledge. One has to
take part in the learning process.
2. Learning require practice.
Reading materials does not mean one understand it.
Good leaning needs practice, and repeated trials.
Learning does not mean remembering every word one reads but the
major ideas and meaning that one has to keep in mind.
RULES IN LEARNING
[Link] learning is better than cramming .
The refers to the spreading out of study over a period of time
because one tends to remember the materials studied easily.
4. Learning should be meaningful.
true learning requires knowing the meaning of phrases and sentences
just remembering chain of words in certain order.
5. Learning is helped by feedback.
Taking part in classroom discussion will give plenty of feedback from
classroom and teachers.
Feedback is a kind of rehearsal technique that makes one knows when
one is.
TYPES OF LEARNING
A. Classical conditioning
B. Operant Conditioning
C. Observational Learning
TYPES OF LEARNING (Ivan Pavlov)
A. Classical conditioning
According to Pavlov, a Russian physiologist in classical conditioning an
organism learns to respond to a neutral stimulus that normally does not
bring about that response.
Tuning fork is presented to the dog by sounding it. The tuning fork that was
sounded did not bring about salivation. The tuning fork is a neutral stimulus.
Meat is presented to the dog together with the sounding of the tuning fork. Here
the dog salivates upon seeing the meat. This has been repeated continuously.
Conditioning is now beginning to takes place.
The tuning fork is again but the meat is not presented. The tuning fork causes the
dog to salivated even in the absence of the meat. This explains that the dog has
been conditioned to associate the sounding of the tuning fork with meat.
Classical Conditioning
Types of Learning
B. Operant Conditioning
Or so called instrumental conditioning.
Operant conditioning describes learning wherein voluntary response is
strengthened or weakened depending on the positive or negative
response consequence.
Examples : response is strengthened
A student studies hard to get high grades.
A clerk works industriously to get a raise in salary or status.
A young child cleans her room well to produce praises from her
parents.
Types of Learning
Continuation of Operant Conditioning
On the other hand weakens resulting to undesirable outcomes.
Example : A basketball player has been practicing for the
tournament but when that events came he was not fielded by his
coach by his coach. This situation caused the player the loss of
interest in basketball.
In the example mentioned. The desire for high grades, the expected
raise in salary, the parents praises serve as reinforces.
REINFORCERS – are stimuli that increase the probability that
preceding behavior will be repeated.
FOUR TYPES OF REINFORCEMENT
1. Positive reinforcement – most common positive
reinforcement are praise and rewards.
◦ Example: adding praise will increase the chances of the child his or
her room.
2. Negative Reinforcement – basically, individuals want to remove
or withhold something of value to increase a certain response or
behavior
◦ Example : Taking away a toy until the child cleans up his/her room,
or withholding payment until a job is completed .
FOUR TYPES OF REINFORCEMENT
3. Punishment – refers to adding something aversive in order to
decrease a behavior.
• Example: Spanking a child for misbehaving.
• The reason adults do this is because the child begins to associate being punished
with the negative behavior ; thus he/she will stop misbehaving.
4. Extinction – occurs when a previously reinforced response is no
longer and there is a decreased tendency to perform the response.
• Example: a factory worker gets monthly bonus from a company for producing more than
his quota. Once bonus was removed, performance decreased.
REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULES
Applying one of the four types of reinforcement every time
behavior occurs like getting a raise after every successful project or
getting spanked after every negative behavior is called a CONTINUOS
SCHEDULE.
It is continuous because the application occurs after every project,
behavior, etc.. This is the best approach when using punishment.
Inconsistencies in the punishment of children often results in
confusion and resentment.
Four Types of Operant Conditioning
1. Primary conditioning
2. Secondary Conditioning
3. Escape Conditioning
4. Avoidance Conditioning
PRIMARY CONDITIONING – A condition that satisfies the biological
needs like hunger or thirst.
SECONDARY CONDITIONING – A condition that becomes reinforced
by its association with primary conditioning such as money which
allows one to obtain food which is primary conditioning.
Four Types of Operant Conditioning
ESCAPE CONDITIONING – An organism’s response which brings
about an end to an aversive situation.
For instance a student who is scheduled to report on that day did not attend
classes to escape the stress of reporting.
AVOIDANCE CONDITIONING – This occurs when a person’s respond to a
signal of an impending unpleasant situation is a way that permits its
evasion..
For instance, a traveler learns to bring extra food to avoid getting hungry along
the way.
Two Types of Continuous Schedules
1. FIXED RATIO
This refers to applying the reinforcement after a specific number
of behaviors.
Example: Spanking a child if the mother has asked three times already in order to clean
his/her room.
the problem is that the child will begin to realize that he/she can
get away with two request before he has act . Therefore, the
behavior does not tend to change until right before the preset
number.
Two Types of Continuous Schedules
2. FIXED INTERVAL
Applying the reinforcement after a specific amount of
time.
A major problem with this schedule is that people tend
to improve their performance right before the time period
expires so as to “look good” when the review comes
around.
Continuation of
types of Learning
C. OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
Observational Learning is also called imitation or modeling that is
learning that occur when a person observes and imitates
someone’s behavior.
◦ Bandura described four main process that are involved in observational
learning: 1. attention
2. retention
3. Motor reproduction
4. reinforcement
ATTENTION - refers to attending to what the model is saying or doing
before he/she can reproduce a model’s action.
RETENTION – Refers to coding information and keeping it in a memory
for retrieval in order to reproduce a model’s action.
◦ Example : we need to remember what the instructor said and did in modelling
good drawing skill in taking a class to improve our art skill./
MOTOR REPRODUCTION – process involved in observational learning. We
might attend to a models and code in memory what we have seen, but
because of limitation in motor development we might not be able to
reproduce the model’s action.
Example: You might have seen Michael Jackson to do moonwalk
but unable to reproduce Michael’s action.