EE363 POWER

ELECTRONICS
Chapter 03 – Rectifiers
Lectures 06
 2

Outline
1. Multiphase Star Rectifier
2. Three Phase Uncontrolled Bridge Rectifier
3. Rectifier Circuit Design
4. Performance Parameters
 3

3.6: Multiphase Star Rectifier (1/5)

• The single phase rectifier can
be extended to multiple
phases by having multiphase
windings on the transformer’s
secondary side.
• This circuit can be considered
as q single phase half wave
rectifiers.
• The kth diode conducts during
the period when the voltage of
kth phase is higher than that
of other phases.
• The conduction period of
each diode is 2π/q.
 4

3.6: Multiphase Star Rectifier (2/5)

• Assuming a cosine wave from π/q to 2π/q, the average
and rms values of the output voltage for a q phase
rectifier are
 /q
given by:
2 q 
2 / q 0
Vdc  V cos td (t ) V sin
m m
 q
1/ 2
 2  /q 2 
  Vm cos td (t )
2
Vrms
 2 / q 0 
1/ 2
 q  /q 1 
 Vm   (1  cos 2t )d (t )
 0 2 
 /q 1/ 2
 q 1 
 Vm  (t  sin 2t ) 
 2 2 0  
1/ 2
 q  1 2 
 Vm    sin 
 2 q 2 q 
 5

3.6: Multiphase Star Rectifier (3/5)

• If the load is purely resistive, the peak current through the
diode is Im=Vm/R and we can find the rms value of a diode
current (or transformer current as)

 /q 1/ 2
 2 
IS   0 I cos td (t )
2 2

 2
m

1/ 2
 q  1 2 
 Im    sin 
 2 q 2 q 
Vrms

R
 6

Fourier Series of the Output Voltage (4/5)

Example 3.9:
a) Express the output voltage of a q-phase rectifier in Fourier
series.
b) If q=6, Vm=170V, and supply frequency is f=60 Hz,
determine the rms value of the dominant harmonic and its
frequency.
q   
2 n 
vo (t )  Vm sin 1   2 cos cos nt 
 q  n  q , 2 q ,... n  1 q 
• For q=6 the output voltage can be expressed as:
2 2
vo (t )  0.9549Vm (1  cos 6t  cos12t  ......)
35 143
• The sixth harmonic is dominant one. The rms value of the
1
sinusoidal voltage is 2 times its peak magnitude and the
rms of the 6th harmonic is v6th  0.9549 Vm  2 /(35  2 )  0.0386 Vm
(or 6.56 V) and its frequency is f6=6f=360Hz
 7

3.6: Multiphase Star Rectifier (5/5)

Signle phase full wave
2Vm 2Vm 2Vm
vo (t )  0.636Vm (1  cos 2t  cos 4t  cos 6t  ....
3 15 35
Multiphase rectifier
2 2
vo (t )  0.9549Vm (1  cos 6t  cos12t  ......)
35 143
Observations/Advantages of Multiphase Rectifiers:
• A multiphase rectifier increases the amount of dc
component and lowers the amount of harmonic
components.
• The output voltage of a q-phase rectifier contains
harmonics whose frequencies are multiples of q (q
times the supply frequency), qf.
 8

3.7: Three Phase Uncontrolled Bridge

Rectifier
• A three-phase bridge rectifier is commonly used in high power
applications. It’s a full wave rectifier,. It can operate with or without a
transformer and gives six pulse ripples on the output voltage.
• The diodes are numbered in order of conduction sequences and each
one conducts for 120o.
• The conduction sequence for diodes is D1-D2, D3-D2, D3-D4, D5-D4,
D5-D6, and D1-D6.
• The pair of diodes which are connected between that pair of supply
lines having the highest amount of instantaneous line-to-line voltage
will conduct.
 9

3.7: Three Phase Uncontrolled Bridge Rectifier

1.73
van  Vm sin( t ) 1.5
Vab Vac
vbn  Vm sin( t  120o ) 30 150

vcn  Vm sin( t  240o )

Line Voltage
vab  3Vm sin(t  30)
At ωt=30o
3
vab  3Vm sin(60)  Vm
2
At ωt=60o
vab  3Vm sin(90)  3Vm
At ωt=90o
3 90
vab  3Vm sin(120)  Vm
2
 10

3.7: Three Phase Uncontrolled Bridge Rectifier

The line to line voltage is
3 times the phase
voltage of a three phase
Y-connected source.
The conduction process
is as follows:
(i) a-b----1-6
(ii) a-c----1-2
(iii) b-c----3-2
(iv) b-a----3-4
(v) c-a----5-4
(vi) c-b----5-6
 11

3.7: Three Phase Uncontrolled Bridge

Rectifier
van  Vm sin( t )
• If Vm is the peak value of the phase
voltage then the instantaneous phase vbn  Vm sin( t  120o )
voltage can be described as: vcn  Vm sin( t  240o )

• Because the line to line voltage leads

the phase voltage by 30o, the vab  3Vm sin( t  30o )
instantaneous line to line voltage can
vbc  3Vm sin( t  90o )
be described by:
vca  3Vm sin( t  210o )
• Assuming a cosine wave from /6 to
2/6, the average values of the output
voltage for a 3 phase rectifier are 
6
2
given by; Vdc 
2 6 
0
( 3Vm cos t )d (t )

6 1
  3V    1.654Vm
 m
2
 12

3.7: Three Phase Uncontrolled Bridge

Rectifier 1

 2 6 
 2
• The rms value of the output  3Vm cos (t )d (t )
2 2
Vrms
voltage is;  2 6 0 
 
• If the load is purely resistive, 1

the peak current through the  2 6 

 2
2 1
diode is Im=√3 Vm/R, and the 
 2 6 03Vm (1  cos 2t )d (t )
2 
rms value of the diode current  
is 1

 2 1 1
 /6
 2

1  3Vm2 (t  sin 2t ) 

 4 
6  2  2 6 2 2 0 
Ir   0 (t )d (t )
2 2
I cos 1
 2 
m

 
 2 1  1 2  2

 3Vm2   sin 
1  2 6 2 6 2 6 
1  1 2  2
 I m    sin
1/ 2
 3 9 3

  6 2 6     V  1.6554 Vm
 2 4  m
 0.5518 I m  
 13

3.7: Three Phase Uncontrolled Bridge

Rectifier
1

 8 6  2
• The rms value of the Is   0 I cos (t )d (t )
2 2

 2
m
transformer secondary line  
current is; 1
 2  1 2  2
• Where Im the peak  I m    sin 

  6 2 6 
secondary line current
 0.7804 I m

• For a three phase rectifier q=6, and Eq (3.38) gives

the instantaneous output voltage as

2 2
vo (t )  0.9549Vm (1  cos 6t  cos12t  ......)
35 143
 14

3.10: Rectifier Circuit Design

• The design of uncontrolled rectifier involves determining the
ratings of semiconductor diodes. The ratings of diodes are
normally specified in terms of:
 average current
 rms current
 peak current, and
 peak inverse voltage.
• The output of the rectifier contains harmonics. Filters can be used
to smooth out the dc output voltage of the rectifier and these are
known as dc filters. These filters are normally L, C, and LC type
 15

3.10: Rectifier Circuit Design

• Due to rectification action, the input current of the rectifier also
contains harmonics, and an ac filter is used to filter out some of the
harmonics from the supply system. The ac filter is normally of LC
type.
• Normally, filter design requires determining the magnitudes and
frequencies of the harmonics.
• The steps involved in the designing rectifiers and filters are
explained by examples.
 Single Phase Single Phase Single Phase Six Phase Three Phase
For R load only Half Wave Center Tap Full Full Wave Star Rectifier Bridge Rectifier
Rectifier Wave Rectifier Rectifier
Circuit Diagram

Voltage and
Current
waveforms of
Diode and load
VDC , IDC and PDC

Vrms , Irms and Prms

Efficiency
Form Factor (FF)

Ripple Factor (RF)

Total Harmonic
Distortion (THD)
Power Factor (PF)

Peak Inverse
Voltage (PIV)
Output Voltage
ripple frequency