acilita
ting
learni
William Butler Yeats
10 mins ago
“Education is not the filling of a pail, but the
lighting of a fire.”
William Butler
Yeats 3
“teaching You do note cassie
as filling of
a pail”
What does
it mean?
William Butler
Yeats 4
“lighting the You donote cassie liar is a peyk
fire”
What does
it mean?
Constructivism 5
Teaching as
filling up the
pail is done.
facilitat
ing
learning
Constructivism: Knowledge
Construction / Concept Learning
6
Constructivism
Views of Characteristics of Organizing
Constructivism Constructivism knowledge
Individual
Constructivism
Social
Constructivism
Two views of
Constructivi
sm
facilitat
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learning
Individual Constructivism
Jean Piaget
Individual
Constructivism
Jean Piaget
Jean Piaget
Individual constructivism emphasizes
individual, internal construction of
knowledge.
It is largely based on Piaget’s theory.
They believe the learners should be
allowed to discover principles through
their own exploration rather than direct
instruction.
facilita
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ting
learning
Social Constructivism
Social
Lev Vygotsky
Constructivism
Lev Vygotsky
13
Lev Vygotsky
Social constructivism emphasizes Knowledge exist in
a social context and is initially shared with others
instead of being represented solely in the mind of
individual.
Based on Vygotsky’s theory.
The opportunity to interact and share among
learners help to shape and refine their ideas.
Knowledge construction becomes social not
individual.
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learning
Characteristics of
Constructivism
4
Learners construct understanding.
Constructivist do not view learners as just empty
vessels waiting to be filled up.
They construct knowledge in a way that makes sense
to them.
4
New learning depends on current
understanding
Background information is very
important.
Learning is facilitated by social
interaction
Constructivist believe in creating a “community of learning
“ within classrooms.
Learners have a lot of opportunities to cooperate and
collaborate to solve problems and discover things.
18
Meaningful learning occurs within authentic
learning tasks.
An authentic task is one that involves a
learning activity that involves constructing
knowledge and understanding that is so
similar to the knowledge and understanding
needed when applied in the real world.
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Organizing
Knowledge
facilitat
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learning
Concepts
facilitat
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learning
What is Concept?
A Concept is a way of grouping or categorizing objects or
events in our mind.
• A concept to teach includes a group of tasks such as model, discuss, illustrate,
explain, assist, etc.
• The concepts you learn are revised as you learn more and experience more.
Concepts as Feature Lists.
Concepts as Prototypes.
Concepts as Exemplars.
• Learning a concept involves learning specific features that characterize positive
instance of the concept.
Includes defining features and correlational feature.
• “Every triangle has three side”.
• “All mammals have mammary glands”
• A Defining feature is a characteristic present in ALL instances.
• “A loving mother”.
• “squares have four sides ”.
• A Correlational feature is one that is present in many positive instances
but not essential for concept membership.
• A prototype is an idea or a visual image of a
“typical example”.
• Usually formed based on the positive instances
that learners encounter most often.
• Exemplars represent a variety of examples.
• It allows learners to know that an example under a
concept may have variability.
Example : concept of vegetable.
facilitat
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learning
Making Concept-Learning Effective
Provide clear definition of the concept
Make the defining features very concrete and prominent
Give a variety of positive instances
Give negative instances
Cite a “best example” or a prototype
Provide opportunity for learners to identify positive and negative
instances
Ask learner to think of their own example of the concept
Point out how concepts can be related to each other
facilitat
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learning
Schemas and Scripts
Schema An organized body of knowledge about something.
Like a file of information you hold your mind about something.
Script A schema that includes a series of predictable events about a specific
activity
An example of it is knowing the series of steps done when we buy food at
mcdo.
Applying Constructivism in
Facilitating Learning
• Aim to make learners understand a
few key ideas in an in-depth
manner, rather than taking up so
many topics superficially.
• Give varied examples.
• Provide opportunities for
experimentation.
• Provide lots of opportunities for
quality interaction.
• Have lots of hands-on activities.
• Relate your topic to real life
situations.
• Do not depend on the explanation
method all the time.
The End
Produced by:
Me
Presented by:
Me