Types of Enthalpies
• There are many kind of enthalpies such
as:
– Enthalpy of formation
– Enthalpy of combustion
– Enthalpy of atomisation
– Enthalpy of sublimation
– Enthalpy neutralisation
– Enthalpy hydration
– Enthalpy solution
VIDEO1
Enthalpy of Formation, ∆Hof
• The change of heat when 1 mole of a
compound is formed from its elements at
their standard states.
H2 (g) + ½ O2(g) → H2O (l) ∆Hf = 286 kJ mol1
• The standard enthalpy of formation of any
element in its most stable state form is
ZERO.
∆H (O2 ) = 0 ∆H (Cl2) = 0
Enthalpy of Combustion, ∆Hc
• The heat released when 1 mole of substance
is burned completely in excess oxygen.
C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) ∆Hc = 393 kJ mol1
Enthalpy of Atomisation, Ha
• The heat change when 1 mole of gaseous
atoms is formed from its element
Ha is always positive because it involves
only breaking of bonds
• e.g:
Na(s) Na(g) Ha = +109 kJ mol-1
½Cl2(g) Cl(g) Ha = +123 kJ mol-1
Enthalpy of Sublimation (Hsubl)
• the heat absorbed when one mole of a
substance sublimes (solid into gas)
I2 (s) → I2(g) Hosubl = +106 kJ mol1
Enthalpy of Neutralization, ∆Hn
• The heat change when 1 mole of water, H2O is
formed from the neutralization of acid and
base .
• HCl(aq)+ NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) +H2O(aq) ΔHn = 58
kJ mol1
Enthalpy of Hydration Hhyd
• the heat released when 1 mole of gaseous ion is
hydrated in water
Na+ (g) → Na+ (aq) Hohydr = 406 kJ mol1
Cl (g) → Cl (aq) Hohydr = 363 kJ mol1
Enthalpy of Solution
• the heat absorbed when 1 mole of a substance
dissolves in water to form a very dilute solution
KCl (s) → K+ (aq) + Cl (aq) Hosoltn = +690 kJ mol1
Calorimetry
• The measurement of heat changes
• Apparatus used is known as calorimeter
• Two types of calorimeter:
- simple calorimeter
- bomb calorimeter
Simple Calorimeter
Bomb calorimeter
VIDEO2
Important Terms in Calorimeter
• Specific heat capacity, c
– Specific heat capacity, c of a substance is
the amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of one gram of the substance
by one degree Celsius (Jg 1C1).
• Heat capacity, C
– Heat capacity,C is the amount of heat
required to raise the temperature of a given
quantity of the substance by one degree
Celsius (JC1)
Heat released Heat absorbed by
=
by substance calorimeter
q = mc∆T
q = heat released by substance
m= mass of substance
C= specific heat capacity
∆T = temperature change
Basic Principle in Calorimeter
Heat released Heat absorbed
=
by a reaction by surroundings
• Surroundings may refer to the:
i. Calorimeter itself or;
ii. The water and calorimeter
• qreaction= mcΔT or CΔT
-Heat released = heat absorbed by water
+ heat absorbed by calorimeter
q = mwcwΔT + mcccΔT
where
mc = mass of calorimeter
mw = mass of water
cw = specific heat of water
cc = specific heat of calorimeter
T = temperature change
Example 1:
Calculate the amount of the heat released from the
reaction which is carried out in an aluminium
calorimeter with a mass of 3087.0 g & contains
1700.0 mL of water. The initial T of the calorimeter
is 25.0°C & at the end, the T increased to 27.8°C
Given,
Specific heat capacity of aluminium = 0.553 Jg-1 °C-1
Specific heat capacity of water = 4.18 Jg-1 °C-1
Water density = 1.0 g mL-1
Solution
ΔT = (27.8 -25.0 )°C = 2.8°C
Heat released = heat absorbed by water
+ heat absorbed by aluminium calorimeter
q = mwcwΔT + mcccΔT
= (1700.0 g)(4.18 Jg-1 °C-1)(2.8 °C) +
(3087.0 g)(0.553 Jg-1 °C-1)(2.8°C )
= 24676.71 J
= 24.68 kJ
= 24.7 kJ
Example 2:
In an experiment, 0.100 g of H2 & 0.800 g of O2
were compressed into a 1.00 L bomb, which then
placed into a calorimeter that has a heat capacity
of 9.08 x 104 JoC1. The initial T of the calorimeter
is 25.000 oC & , the final T was 25.155 oC.
Calculate the amount of heat release in the
reaction of H2 & O2 to form H2O, in kJ per mole.
Solution
Heat release by the reactants = Heat
absorbed by the calorimeter
q = C∆T
= (9.08 X 104 J0C-1) X ( 0.1550C)
= 1.41 X 104 J
= 14.1 kJ
H2(g) + ½O2(g) → H2O(c)
No. of mole of H2 = 0.1/ 2 = 0.05 mol
From equation:
1 mol H2 produce 1 mol H2O
0.05 mol H2 produce 0.05 mol H2O
Heat of reaction = 14.1 kJ/ 0.05 mol
= 282 kJ mol1
Exercise
VIDEO3