Political Science

"Man is by nature a political animal and he,

who by nature and not by mere accident is
without state, is either above humanity or
below it.“
-Aristotle
 Contents:

Definitions
Nature
Facts, Concepts and Generalization
Definitions
 Political Science is the systematic study
of the state and the government. The word
“political” is derived from the Greek word
polis, meaning a city, or what today would
be the equivalent of a sovereign state. The
word “science” comes from the Latin word
scire, “to know.”
 A social science
concerned chiefly with
the description and
Merriam-Webster analysis of political and
Dictionary especially
governmental
institutions and
processes.

"Political Science is the

part of social science
which treats of the
foundations of the
Paul Janet State and the principles
of Government."
 The study of
political
Encarta
organizations and
Dictionaries institutions,
especially
Nature of Political
Science
 Political scientist study
controversy and disagreement.

 In every society there are arguments

among individuals and groups over
the goals of the society.

The best methods for achieving those

goals, the values that ought to be
reflected in laws and the ways laws
are enforced, and the rights of
various groups and individuals
 Informed and well-meaning
individuals disagree about the
issues.

 Society need political

systems to settle conflicts
 Micropolitical and Macropolitical

• Micropolitical issues focus on

how the political system affects
individual.
▫ Micropolitical orientation focus
students’ attention on goals, beliefs,
and responsibilities of individuals
and how they acquire them.
 Political Science in
the Curriculum

Micropolitical and Law-focused

Macropolitical Education
•Macropolitical topics center on concerns
related to the overall operation of the
political science.
▫ Macropolitical orientation help learners
understand how our overall political system
works as it seeks to accommodate conflicting
demands of various groups.
 2 basic Themes of
Macropolitical

1. Government and
governmental process
2. Comparative Political
Systems.
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 Government and
Governmental Process
•Instruction emphasizes how
decisions are made and how
widely held values become
formalized as laws.
 Comparative Political
Systems
•Help students understand that
people at various times and
places have organized
themselves to make political
decisions in different ways.
 Law-Focused Education
These programs presume that if learners
understand the laws and legal system that
underpin our society, as adults they will see
themselves capable of influencing events.
Law-focused lessons will emphasize both
common values of our society that draw us
together and values conflicts that divide us.
 The Specific focus areas of law-
focused lesson
1. Basic legal concepts
2. The Constitution and the Bill of Rights
3. Criminal Law
4. Consumer Law
5. Family Law
Croatia was the first
country to recognize the
United States in 1776.
Pennsylvania was the
first colony to legalize
witchcraft.
Benigno Aquino Jr., father of our former
president and husband of late Corazon
Aquino, entered the Philippine Senate at
the age of 34, making him the youngest
Filipino in history to ever win the
senatorial race.
In England, the Speaker of
the House is not allowed to
speak.
The German Bundestag, or
Parliament, has 672 members
and is the world's largest elected
legislative body.
Theodore Roosevelt was
the first American President
to win the Nobel Peace
Prize. He won for his
arbitration of treaty
discussions at the end of
the Russo-Japanese War.
 Hadji Butu is a statesman who
became the very first Muslim to
become a senator of the
Philippines.

Cha-Cha, Anti-Trust Law and

Competition Law to be passed before
Christmas.
India is the world’s
largest democracy with
more than 700 million
registered voters.
Bolivia holds the highest turnover of
governments. Since their independence
from Spain in 1825, Bolivia has had almost
200 governments. Since 1945, Italy saw
more than 50 governments and more than
20 Prime Ministers.
The oldest existing governing
body operates in Althing in
Iceland. It was established in 930
AD.
 Democracy
• "a system of government in which all the
people of a state or polity ... are involved
in making decisions about its affairs,
typically by voting to elect representatives
to a parliament or similar assembly," as
defined by the Oxford English Dictionary.
 State Authority
• The for the Protection of the Constitution
- German: Landesämter für
Verfassungsschutz (LfV) is a federally
independentstate security agency based
in seven states of Germany that enforces
the protection of the Constitution.
 Equality
• a state of affairs in which all people within
a specific society or isolated group have
the same status in certain respects, often
including civil rights, freedom of speech,
property rights, and equal access to social
goods and services.
 Conflict resolution

• Otherwise known as reconciliation,

is conceptualized as the methods and
processes involved in facilitating the
peaceful ending
of conflict and retribution.
 Decision-making

• Is regarded as the cognitive process

resulting in the selection of a belief or
a course of action among several
alternative possibilities. Every
decision-making process produces
a final choice that may or may not
prompt action.
 Compromise
• To make a deal between different parties
where each party gives up part of their
demand. In arguments, compromise is
a concept of finding agreement through
communication, through a mutual
acceptance of terms—often involving
variations from an original goal or
desires.
 Constitution

• A set of fundamental principles or

established precedents according to
which a state or other organization is
governed. These rules together make
up, i.e. constitute, what the entity is.
 Lawmaking

•The process of crafting

legislation. In its purest sense,
it is the basis of governance.
 Rights
• are legal, social, or ethical
principles of freedom or
entitlement; that
is, rights are the
fundamental normative
rules about what is allowed
of people or owed to people,
according to some legal
system, social convention, or
ethical theory.
Citizenship
• the status of a person
recognized under the custom or
law as being a member of a
state. A person may have
multiple citizenships and a
person who does not
have citizenship of any state is
said to be stateless.
 Government
• is the system by which a state or
community is controlled. In the
Commonwealth of Nations, the word
government is also used more
narrowly to refer to the collective
group of people that exercises
executive authority in a state.
Civil liberties
• are personal
guarantees and
freedoms that the
government cannot
abridge, either by law
or by judicial
interpretation without
due process.
Scope of political Science

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Political Theory
• Major branch of Political Science
• Explains and study the rudimentary concept of
Political science
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Political institution
• The study of constitution and comparative
government.
• The study of local government and public
administration.
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State and Government

• Studies the problems of the state and
government.
• Territory , population, government and
sovereignty
• Explains the objective of the states
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Political dynamics
• A scientific study of working of these political
dynamics helps explain the political behavior of
individual and different groups.
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Adjustment of the individual with

the state
• Relationship between individual and state.
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International relations and

International law
• Cover the a wide range that includes diplomacy,
international politics, international law and
international organization.
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RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER SOCIAL

SCIENCES
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SOCIOLOGY
• Studies social life and human interactions from
how groups form to how large organization run
to how people interact with one another.
Political scientist make use of sociological
studies and methods examining.
Example:
how people acquire power
How culture shape our attitudes.
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Economics
• Political scientist examine such economic issues
as the effects government policy has on the
economy.
• Trade agreement
• Role of money
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Psychology
• Political scientist sometime use the insight of
psychology to analyze a president or voters
behavior or to explain why some people are
more prone to supporting certain ideologies.
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Anthropology
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STATE AND ITS ELEMENTS

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State
• Community of people occupying a definite
territory organized under government which is
supreme of all persons and associations within
its territory and independent of all foreign
control or power.
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Element of the state

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Population
• State is a community of persons. It is a human
political institution. Without a population there
can be no state. Population can be more or less
but it has to be there
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Territory
• Territory is the second essential elements of the
state. State is a territorial unit.
• The whole territory is under the soveignty or
supreme power of the state.
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• Territory of the states not just include the land

but also rivers, lakes, canals inland seas if any a
portion of costal sea, territorial water maritime
belt , air space

• Ship
• Aero-planes
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Government
• The organization or agency of the state which
makes implement,enforces and adjudicates the
law of the state.
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• Legislative – which formulate the state ,

performs law making function.
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• Executive- enforces and implement the laws.

Perform the law application.
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• Judiciary- which applies the laws to specific

cases and settles the disputes.
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Sovereignty
• The most exclusive elements od the state.
Without sovereignty no state can exit.
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Internal sovereignty
• It means the power of the state to order and
regulate the activities of people, groups and
institution which are the work within its
territory
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External sovereignty
• Complete independence of the state from
external control. It also means the full freedom
of the state.
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