MODULE 6 | LONG-TERM
MEMORY
PART 1
MEMORY
SENSORY SHORT-TERM/ LONG-TERM
MEMORY WORKING MEMORY
MEMORY
Topics
• Types of long-term memory
• Key ideas
• Factors affecting long-term memory ability
• Neural bases of long-term memory
Types of Long-Term Memory
Memory (From
Squire, 1992)
Declarative/Explicit
Procedural/Implicit
Events Facts Skills Priming Simple Nonassociative
and classical
(Episodic) (Semantic) Habits conditioning
Distinctions
• Declarative memory ability
• information available to conscious awareness
• medial temporal lobe system
• Procedural memory ability
• Information usually cannot be verbalized
• basal ganglia/cortex system
Types of Long-Term Memory
Memory (From
Squire, 1992)
Declarative/Explicit
Procedural/Implicit
Events Facts Skills Priming Simple Nonassociative
and classical
(Episodic) (Semantic) Habits conditioning
Episodic vs. Semantic Memory
• Episodic memory:
• information tied to specific time and place (episode)
• autobiographical
• events
• Semantic memory:
• information known without information about the learning
context
• facts
Types of Long-Term Memory
Memory (From
Squire, 1992)
Declarative/Explicit
Procedural/Implicit
Events Facts Skills Priming Simple Nonassociative
and classical
(Episodic) (Semantic) Habits conditioning
Procedural Memory
• Skills
• Riding a bicycle
• Driving a car
• Investigation in lab: Priming
• Performance influenced by prior exposure (even if unaware)
• implicit memory
Subliminal Perception
• Subliminal = below limen (threshold)
• Example: Kunst-Wilson & Zajonc (1980)
Driver’s license test
• How close to a fire hydrant can you park legally in Iowa City?
• What happened at beginning of driving test?
• How exactly do you parallel park?
• Say the first word that comes to mind:
• BRA___
Learning Check
When cooking a new dish from a recipe, understanding the
words in the recipe would draw on:
A. episodic memory
B. procedural memory
C. semantic memory
Learning Check
When cooking a new dish from a recipe, being able to chop the
onions quickly would draw on:
A. episodic memory
B. procedural memory
C. semantic memory
Learning Check
When cooking a new dish from a recipe, remembering how it
was a disaster the one time your mother made it would draw on:
A. episodic memory
B. procedural memory
C. semantic memory
Rest of coverage of long-term memory
• Mostly declarative memory
LONG-TERM MEMORY: KEY
IDEAS
Encoding-maintenance-retrieval; cues
• When information is encoded, all kinds of things about the
overall context are also encoded
• At retrieval time, we try to use cues to access the encoded
information
• Between encoding and retrieval there needs to be retention
(or maintenance) of what was encoded
• Encoding, retention, retrieval very intertwined
Encoding Capacity
• LTM capacity virtually infinite
What is encoded?
• New material most likely to be recalled in same
place/context or mental, emotional, or biological
state as when material was encoded.
© 2010 by W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.
Implications for encoding
• Context encoded
• Encoded: set of pieces of information associated in
complex ways
• Many possible cues
• Seemingly irrelevant contextual information cue