FORM 4 ADDITIONAL SCIENCE
CHAPTER 7: PERIODIC TABLE
7.1 THE PERIODIC TABLE
The elements in the Periodic Table are
arranged in order of increasing proton
number.
The columns in the Periodic Table are
called groups and the rows are called
periods.
The electron configuration of an element
indicates its group and period.
7.1 THE PERIODIC TABLE
The Periodic Table
7.1 THE PERIODIC TABLE
Example 1:
The proton number of lithium is 3.
Determine its position in the Period Table.
Solution
Electron configuration of lithium = 2.1
Number of electron in the outermost shell
of lithium atom =1
Number of shells of lithium atom = 2
Position of lithium = Group 1, period 2
7.1 THE PERIODIC TABLE
Example 2:
The proton number of chlorine is 17.
Determine its position in the Period Table.
Solution
Electron configuration of chlorine = 2.8.7
Number of electron in the outermost shell
of chlorine atom =7
Number of shells of chlorine atom = 3
Position of chlorine = Group 17, period 3
7.2 ELEMENTS OF GROUP 1
Group 1 elements are soft metals.
Atoms of the group 1 elements are
bonded by metallic bonding. As the
atomic size increases, the metallic
bonding becomes weaker.
Metallic bonding
7.2 ELEMENTS OF GROUP 1
Changes
to the
physical
properties
of group 1
elements
going
Melting point down the Density
decreases group increases
Metals become
softer
7.2 ELEMENTS OF GROUP 1
All group 1 elements react with water
to produce alkali and hydrogen gas. A lot
of heat is given out.
The chemical equation between group
1 elements and water:
2 Li + 2 H2O 2 LiOH + H2
2 Na+ 2 H2O 2 NaOH + H2
2 K+ 2 H2O 2 KOH + H2
7.2 ELEMENTS OF GROUP 1
The reactivity of group 1 elements
increases going down the group.
Reactivity
increases
7.2 ELEMENTS OF GROUP 1
Video on the reactivity of group 1 elements:
7.3 ELEMENTS OF GROUP 17
Group 17 elements are non-metals
that exist as diatomic molecules.
For example, the chemical formula
of chlorine, bromine and iodine is
Cl2, Br2 and I2.
The molecules of group 17
elements are attracted to each
other by weak Van der Waals
forces.
7.3 ELEMENTS OF GROUP 17
The strength of the Van der Waals forces
increases when the molecular size
increases.
Going down group 17, the molecular size of the elements increases
The Van der Waals forces between the molecules become stronger
More heat energy is needed to overcome the stronger Van der Waals forces
The boiling point of the elements increases
The physical state of group 17 elements changes from gas to liquid to solid
7.3 ELEMENTS OF GROUP 17
Changes
to the
physical
properties
of group
17
elements
going Colour
Boiling point becomes
down the
increases darker
group
Physical state
changes from Density
gas to liquid to increases
solid
7.3 ELEMENTS OF GROUP 17
All group 17 elements react with water
to produce 2 acids.
X2 + H2O HX + HOX
HX and HOX are acids. HOX is also a
bleaching agent. It changes the colour of
the universal indicator from green to
red and finally to colourless.
7.3 ELEMENTS OF GROUP 17
Chemical equation between group 17
elements and water:
Cl2 + H2O HCI + HOCI
Br2 + H2O HBr + HOBr
Group 17 elements can react with
sodium hydroxide solution to produce 2
salts and water.
7.3 ELEMENTS OF GROUP 17
Chemical equation between group 17
elements and sodium hydroxide solution:
CI2 + 2NaOH NaCI + NaOCI +
H 2O
Br2 + 2NaOH NaBr + NaOBr +
H 2O
Both NaOCI and NaOBr are bleaching
agents that turns green universal indicator
to colourless.
7.3 ELEMENTS OF GROUP 17
Group 17 elements can react with both
reactive metal such as sodium and less
reactive metal such as iron.
Cl2 + 2Na 2NaCI
3Cl2 + 2Fe 2FeCl3
The reactivity of group 17 elements
decreases going down the group.
7.4 ELEMENTS OF GROUP 18
The elements of group 18
elements exists as colourless,
monoatomic gases.
Group 18 elements are inert and
do not form compunds with other
elements. This is because they
have a duplet (helium) or octet
(other than helium) electron
configurations which are stable.
7.4 ELEMENTS OF GROUP 18
Changes
to the
physical
properties
of group
18
elements
going
Boiling point
down the Density
increases
group increases
7.4 ELEMENTS OF GROUP 18
Group 18 element Uses
Helium Fill weather balloons and airships
Neon Fill advertising light bulbs
Argon Fill electric bulbs to prevent its tungsten
filament from burning
Radon Used to treat cancer
7.5 ELEMENTS OF PERIOD 3
CHANGES ACROSS PERIOD 3
Atomic size decreases
Proton number
increases, nucleus Oxides changes from
becomes more basic to acidic
positively charged and
pulls electrons in all
shells more strongly