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Aircraft Materials Selection Overview

This document provides information about various aircraft and aircraft engines throughout history. It begins with materials for a course on materials selection, then provides brief summaries of important aircraft from the Wright Flyer, the first powered airplane, to modern stealth bombers. It includes key details about the designs and roles of aircraft like the Sopwith Camel, Spirit of St. Louis, Japanese Zero, Bell X-1, SR-71 Blackbird, B-1 Bomber, and Stealth Bomber. Engine information is also presented on the BMW 132E. The document serves as an educational reference on the development of aircraft technology.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

37 views41 pages

Aircraft Materials Selection Overview

Uploaded by

Abd Habib

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

530.

352 Materials Selection

Page 1
Bookkeeping:

Text books
• Engineering Materials I by Ashby and Jones
• Available at the library and bookstore.

• Materials Selection in Mechanical Design

by Ashby
• Available at the library and bookstore

WEB notes
• [Link]

Page 2
Why materials selection ???

Develop new products.

Remain competitive.

Page 3
Airplane development:

[Link]
[Link] Page 4
Wright flier:
The World's First Power-Driven Heavier-than-Air
Machine in Which Man Made Free, Controlled,
and Sustained Flight

Invented and Built by Wilbur and Orville Wright

and flown by them at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina December 17, 1903.

The 1903 Wright Flyer was constructed of spruce and ash covered with muslin. The
framework "floated" within fabric pockets sewn inside, making the muslin covering
an integral part of the structure. This ingenious feature made the aircraft light,
strong, and flexible. The 1903 Flyer was powered by a simple four-cylinder engine of
the Wrights' own design.

To fly the airplane, the pilot lay prone with his head forward, his left hand operating the
elevator control. Lateral control was achieved by warping the wing tips in opposite
directions via wires attached to a hip cradle mounted on the lower wing. The pilot shifted
his hips from side to side to operate the mechanism, which also moved the rudder.

Wingspan: 12.3 m (40 ft 4 in) ; Length:6.4 m (21 ft) ; Height: 2.8 m (9 ft 3 in) ; Weight,
empty: 274 kg (605 lb): Engine: Gasoline, 12 hp
Page 5
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Bleriot XI Flier

Frenchman Louis Bleriot's Bleriot XI was

the most popular pre-World War I monoplane.

The example exhibited here is very similar to the aircraft he used on July
25, 1909, to make the first heavier-than-air flight across the English
Channel. Taking off from the dunes near Calais and landing beside
Dover Castle, he made the 23-mile (37 kilometers) flight in 37 minutes at
an average speed of 36 miles (58 kilometers) per hour.

The single-seat Bleriot XI was capable of remaining in the air for up to

three hours and could climb to 1,640 feet (492 meters) in five minutes.

Page 7
Page 8
Sopwith Camel:

The Sopwith Camel, well-known to readers of the famous "Peanuts"

cartoon strip, was the most successful fighter plane of WWI.

In the hands of an experienced pilot, it was highly maneuverable and at its

best combat altitude of 12,000 feet, it was very difficult to defeat in a
dogfight. It shot down more enemy aircraft than any other fighter of any of
the warring nations. However, because of its tricky handling characteristics,
more men lost their lives while learning to fly it than died while using it in
combat.

The Camel was produced in Great Britain and went into action in June
1917.

Page 9
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Spirit of St. Louis:
On May 21, 1927, Charles A. Lindbergh
completed the first solo nonstop transatlantic
flight in history, flying his Ryan NYP "Spirit of St. Louis" 5,810 kilometers (3,610 miles)
between Roosevelt Field on Long Island, New York, and Paris, France, in 33 hours, 30
minutes. With this flight, Lindbergh won the $25,000 prize offered by New York hotel
owner Raymond Orteig to the first aviator to fly an aircraft directly across the Atlantic
between New York and Paris. When he landed at Le Bourget Field in Paris, Lindbergh
became a world hero who would remain in the public eye for decades.

The "Spirit of St. Louis" is a highly modified version of a conventional Ryan M-2 strut-
braced monoplane, powered by a reliable Wright J-5C engine. Because the fuel tanks
were located ahead of the cockpit for safety in case of an accident, Lindbergh could not
see directly ahead, except by using a periscope on the left side or by turning the
airplane and looking out a side window.

The aftermath of the flight was the "Lindbergh boom" in aviation: aircraft industry stocks
rose in value and interest in flying skyrocketed. Lindbergh's subsequent U.S. tour in the
"Spirit of St. Louis" demonstrated the potential of the airplane as a safe, reliable mode
of transportation.

Page 11
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Japanese Zero:
Zero Fighter is the airplane that was produced most
frequently in Japan during WW II. It was used at
Pearl Harbor and throughout the war.

Advantages: surprising manoeuvrability, long long range, high operation rate, 20 mm

machine guns, outstanding performance for plane with less than 1,000 horsepower
engine.

Disadvantages: the body strength is low due to weight reduction and resistance to
bullets is meager. It turned into an old fashioned model in the later part of the war
when American fighters of ~2,000 horsepower were produced.

Page 13
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Bell X-1:
On October 14, 1947, the Bell X-1 became the
first airplane to fly faster than the speed of sound.
Piloted by U.S. Air Force [Link] E. "Chuck" Yeager, the X-1 reached a speed of
1,127 kilometers (700 miles) per hour, Mach 1.06, at an altitude of 13,000 meters
(43,000 feet). Yeager named the airplane "Glamorous Glennis" in tribute to his wife.

Air-launched at an altitude of 7,000 meters (23,000 feet) from the bomb bay of a
Boeing B-29, the X-1 used its rocket engine to climb to its test altitude. It flew a total of
78 times, and on March 26, 1948, with Yeager at the controls, it attained a speed of
1,540 kilometers (957 miles) per hour, Mach 1.45, at an altitude of 21,900 meters
(71,900 feet).

Many important structural and aerodynamic advances were first employed in the Bell
X-1, including extremely thin yet exceptionally strong wing sections and a
horizontal stabilizer that could be adjusted up and down to improve control, especially
at transonic (near the speed of sound) speeds. The X-1's fuselage was shaped like a .
50 caliber bullet. Even the windscreen was specially faired to retain the bullet
shape.

Page 15
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SR-71 Blackbird:
The SR-71, unofficially known as the "Blackbird,"
is a long-range, advanced, strategic
reconnaissance aircraft developed from the
Lockheed A-12 and YF-12A aircraft. The first flight
of an SR-71 took place on December 22, 1964. The U.S. Air Force retired its fleet of
SR-71s on January 26, 1990, because of a decreasing defense budget and high costs
of operation. The USAF returned the SR-71 to the active Air Force inventory in 1995
and began flying operational missions in January 1997.

Throughout its nearly 24-year career, the SR-71 remained the world's fastest and
highest-flying operational aircraft. From 80,000 feet it could survey 100,000 square
miles of Earth's surface per hour. On July 28, 1976, an SR-71 set two world records for
its class: an absolute speed record of 2,193.167 miles per hour and an absolute altitude
record of 85,068.997 feet.

Page 17
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B-1 Bomber :

The B-1 is a "swing-wing" strategic bomber of blended wing-body design intended

for high-speed low-altitude penetration missions. Eventually, it will replace the aging
B-52 bomber, operational since the 1950s. The B-1 uses shorter runways than the
B-52, can carry twice the payload, and has a smaller radar profile than the B-52's,
making it harder for the enemy to detect.

Construction of the first prototype B-1A began in late 1972 and the first flight
occurred on Dec. 23, 1974. By the end of June 1977, three B-1As had made 118
flights totaling 646 hours of flying time with over 21 hours at supersonic speed and
more than 35 hours at high speed below 500 ft. B-1A production was canceled by
presidential decision on June 30, 1977, but in Jan. 1982, as a result of another
Presidential decision, the USAF directed Rockwell International to begin production
of 100 B-1Bs, an improved version of the B-1A.

Page 19
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Stealth Bomber
The Lockheed F-117A was developed in
response to an Air Force request for an
aircraft capable of attacking high value targets without being detected by hostile
radar systems. By the 1970s, special materials and techniques had become
available to aircraft designers that would allow them to design an aircraft with
radar-evading or "stealth" qualities. The result was the F-117A, the world's first
operational aircraft that fully incorporated radar-evading techniques.

The F-117A was first used in combat during operation JUST CAUSE on December
19, 1989 when two F-117As from the 37th TFW attacked military targets in Panama.
During Operation DESERT STORM the F-117As flew 1,271 sorties, achieving an 80
percent mission success rate while suffering no losses or battle damage. A total of
64 F-117As were built between 1981 and 1990.

Span: 43 ft. 4 in ; Length: 65 ft. 11 in ; Height: 12 ft. 5 in ; Weight: 52,500 lbs. max;
Armament: Up to 4,000 lbs. of internal stores ; Engines: Two General Electric F404-
F1D2 engines of 10,600 lbs. thrust ea.

Cost: $42,600,000

Page 21
Page 22
Engines :

BMW 132E Engine

The BMW 132 series was the principal large radial engine
used in Germany during the early 1930s. It was essentially
a copy of the Pratt and Whitney "Hornet" designed in
America. From 1929 to 1945, more than 21,000 BMW 132
engines were built. The nine-cylinder engine has a
displacement of 1,690 cubic inches and produces 725 to
970 horsepower.

General Electric YJ-93-G-3 Turbojet Engine

Six YJ-93s turbojets powered the XB-70. The YJ-93
developed 30,000 lbs. thrust with afterburner.

Page 23
Why materials selection ???