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Motion and Displacement Equations

This document discusses motion along a straight line under constant acceleration. It provides 3 key equations: 1) v = v0 + at (velocity as a function of time) 2) x = x0 + v0t + 1/2at2 (position as a function of time) 3) v2 = v02 + 2a(x - x0) (relates final velocity, position, acceleration, and initial velocity).

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Mircea Pantea
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8 views19 pages

Motion and Displacement Equations

This document discusses motion along a straight line under constant acceleration. It provides 3 key equations: 1) v = v0 + at (velocity as a function of time) 2) x = x0 + v0t + 1/2at2 (position as a function of time) 3) v2 = v02 + 2a(x - x0) (relates final velocity, position, acceleration, and initial velocity).

Uploaded by

Mircea Pantea
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Chapter 2

Motion along a Straight


Line

Part 2
Motion

Two assumptions.
 The motion under consideration may be vertical,
horizontal, or on a slope but is in a straight line.

 The moving object is a particle or behaves like a


particle i.e. there is no rotation.
Position 1 Position 2

x2 or x(t2)
x1 or x(t1)

- origin +
(reference for motion)

• Motion – a change in position, relative to a reference


frame
• The change in position is measured by displacement.
• Remember, displacement is a vector.
• Motion is relative – depends on the reference frame; there
is no absolute reference frame so no absolute motion.
Position and Displacement

Position is measured by x or y relative to the


origin (zero position).
Typically, x is used for horizontal motion and
y is used for vertical motion.
We choose a convenient origin and a
positive direction.
The opposite direction is the negative
direction.
Position and Displacement

Displacement is the Change of Position.


 x = x2 – x1 (using magnitudes of the position and displacement
vectors)
 represents the change in a quantity.
The displacement is independent of the position of
the origin of co-ordinates. (but it depends on the
state of motion of the origin)
The displacement is an example of a vector
quantity. (more about it later)
Average Velocity

The average velocity is defined by

Displaceme nt  x x2  x1 x f  xi
vave    
Elapsed Time t t 2 t1 t f ti
Alternative notations:
x  x0 x  x0
vave  vave  (if to=0)
t t0 t
Graphical representation of motion
Instantaneous Velocity
 x dx
v  Lim 
t  0  t dt
v is obtained by differentiating the position
function with respect to time.
v is the slope of the x - t graph.
The sign of v gives the direction of the
velocity at that instant.
Velocity
Instantaneous Velocity at a given time –
slope of the tangent to the curve at that time

x
Positive Slope
Positive Velocity
Negative Slope
Negative Velocity

t
Average Acceleration

Average acceleration =
Change in Velocity  v
a ave  
Elapsed Time t

v 2  v1
a ave 
t 2  t1
Instantaneous Acceleration
Instantaneous acceleration (or simply “acceleration”) is

 v dv
a  Lim 
 t 0 t dt

dv d  dx  d x 2
a    2 Second Derivative
dt dt  dt  dt
Differentiation Review

x  bt m
(b, m constants)

dx m 1
v  mbt
dt

  m  1 m b t
dv m2
a
dt
Constant Acceleration
Equations of motion

Acceleration = Average acceleration

 v v  v0 v  v0
a  a ave    (Usually we can
t t  t0 t0 take to=0)

v  v 0  at
v = v0 + at
Constant Acceleration

Average velocity =

 x x  x0 x  x0
v ave   
t t  t0 t0

x  x 0  v av g t
Constant Acceleration
Equations of motion

Since the velocity varies linearly


with time (constant acceleration),
vavg  12 v  v0  Note: this “trick” is valid only
for constant acceleration

v = v0 + at
vavg  v0  at  v0   v0  at
1
2
1
2
Hence
x  x 0  v av g t  x 0  v 0 t  2 at
1 2
Constant Acceleration
Equations of motion

x = x0 + v0 t + ½ at 2

v = v0 + at
Constant Acceleration
A third equation may be derived
v = v0 + at v  v0
t
a
 v  v0  1  v  v 0 
2

x  x0  v0t  at  x0  v0 
1
2
2
  2 a 
 a   a 
 2 v 0 v  2 v 0 2  v 2  2 v v0  v 0 2   v 2  v0 2 
x  x 0     x0  
 


 2a   2a 

v 2 = v0 2 + 2 a (x – x0) (Also called Galilei’s formula)

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