CE8591FOUNDATIONENGINEERING
PREPARED BY
[Link] M.E.,M.B.A.,
Unit-I SITE INVESTIGATION AND
SELECTION OF FOUNDATION
Scope and objectives – Methods of exploration – Auguring
and boring – Wash boring and rotary drilling – Depth and
spacing of bore holes – Soil samples – Representative and
undisturbed – Sampling methods – Split spoon sampler, Thin
wall sampler, Stationary piston sampler – Penetration tests
(SPT and SCPT) – Data interpretation - Strength parameters -
Bore log report and Selection of foundation.
Scope of Site Investigation
Objectives of Site Investigation
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METHOD OF EXPLORATION
Direct Method --
Open excavation
Semi Direct Method --
Boring
Auger boring
Auger & shell boring
Wash boring
Percussion boring
Rotary boring
Indirect method
Subsurface Sounding
Standard penetration test (SPT)
Cone penetration test (SCPT )
Geophysical Methods
Seismic method
Electrical resistivity method
OPEN EXCAVATION
Test pits are used for all types of soil.
Natural condition of soil can be inspected.
Disturbed & undisturbed.
Suitability: shallow depth up to 3m
Costs: Increases with depth.
’
AUGER BORING
Cohesive & soft soil above water table.
Depth up to 6m.(hand operated)
Greater depth (mechanical auger) in gravel.
Badly disturbed
Uses: Identification purposes.
Applications : highway exploration.
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What is Concrete?
Concrete may be defined as a building material obtained by mixing
cement, fine, coarse aggregates and water in suitable proportions.
It is plastic mixture after curing it becomes hard mass.
The coarse aggregates are broken stone, broken bricks or gravel, the fine
aggregate is sand or surki and the binding material is lime or cement.
Fresh concrete or plastic is a freshly mixed material which can be
moulded into any shape.
The relative quantities of cement, aggregates and water together control
the properties in the wet state as well as in the hardened state.
Constituents of Concrete
1 Binding Material Cement,Lime Strength to concrete
Binds coarse & fine aggregate
2 Fine Aggregate Sand,Rock Producing workability &
quarry dust,M- uniformity
Sand etc Fills the voids in coarse aggregate.
Holds the coarse aggregate in
suspension
3 Coarse Aggregate 40 mm & lesser Gives volumetric stability &
Jelly durability
Increase crushing strength of
concrete
4 Water Portable Water Increases the workability of
concrete
Water wets the surface of the
aggregates
Concrete Admixtures & its Application
Admixtures are those ingredients in concrete other than cement, water, and
aggregates that are added to the mixture immediately before or during mixing as
to obtain the required properties.
Advantages of Concrete
• It is plastic when freshly prepared and can be moulded to any shape.
• Concrete does not lose its strength with age and does not require
maintenance.
• The proportion of mix can be suitable designed to give concrete of
required strength.
• It is durable and not affected by weather.
• It affords quickness and ease of a construction.
• It can be given various finishes.
• Concrete is water repellent and can be made water proof.
• Concrete can be made fire proof or light weight or chemical resistant
by using suitable admixtures.
Properties of Concrete
• Concrete has high compressive strength depends on the
proportion of cement, sand, coarse aggregates and water
used.
• It hardens with age and process of hardening continuous for
long time
• even after it has attained sufficient strength, but the rate of
hardening decreases with age.
• It is free from corrosion and atmospheric effects.
• It is weak in tension. Steel reinforcement is placed in cement
concrete at suitable places to take up the tensile stresses
called as RCC.
• It shrinks in the initial stage and during hardening. This can
be minimized by proper curing.
Grade of Concrete
Process of Manufacture of Concrete
The various stages of manufacture of concrete are:
Batching
Mixing
Transporting
Placing
Compacting
Curing
Finishing
Process of Manufacture of Concrete
Batching
The measurement of materials for making concrete is known as batching.
Volume batching – Gauge box
Weigh batching – weight machine
Mixing
Mixing of materials is essential for the production of uniform concrete.
There are two methods for mixing concrete:
Hand mixing
Machine mixing.
Process of Manufacture of Concrete
Transporting concrete
Concrete can be transporting by a variety of methods and equipments.
Mortar pan
Wheel barrow, Hand cart
Bucket and Rope way
Truck mixer and Dumpers
Belt conveyors
Chute
Skip and Hoist
Pumps and Pipeline
Process of Manufacture of Concrete
Placing concrete
Placing concrete within earth mould.
e.g.: foundation concrete for a wall or column.
Placing concrete within large earth mould or timber plank formwork.
e.g.: road slab and airfield slab.
Placing concrete in layers within timber or steel shutters.
e.g.: mass concrete in dam construction or construction of concrete
abutment or pier.
Placing concrete within usual from work.
e.g.: columns, beams and floors.
Placing concrete under water.
Process of Manufacture of Concrete
Compaction of concrete
Compaction of concrete is the process adopted for expelling the entrapped
air from the concrete.
Hand compaction:
Rodding
Ramming
Tamping.
Compaction by vibration
Internal vibrator (needle vibrator)
Formwork vibrator (external vibrator)
Table vibrator
Platform vibrator
Surface vibrator (screed vibrator).
Compaction by pressure and jolting
Compaction by spinning.
Process of Manufacture of Concrete
Curing of concrete
Curing is the process of maintaining a satisfactorily moisture content
and favorable temperature.
The following are the curing methods:
Water curing
Membrane curing
Application of heat
Miscellaneous
Water curing
Water curing can be done in the following:
Immersion
Ponding
Spraying
Wet covering
Free undamped vibration single DoF
• Note: for vertical systems, the natural frequency can be written as:
k
n
m
mg
sin ce k
st
g 1 g
n or f n
st 2 st