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Understanding Geodesy: Earth Measurement Science

Geodesy is the science of determining the size, shape, and gravitational field of the Earth and the precise positioning of points on its surface. It involves measuring the Earth's geometrical shape, rotation, and gravity field. There are three main types of geodesy: geometrical geodesy concerns coordinate systems and locations on Earth, physical geodesy determines the gravity field and establishes heights, and satellite geodesy uses orbiting satellites to obtain geodetic data. Historically, Eratosthenes first estimated the circumference of Earth in the 3rd century BC and his calculation was quite accurate. Later, models of the oblate spheroid Earth were developed by Newton and Huygens based on measurements and the

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73 views17 pages

Understanding Geodesy: Earth Measurement Science

Geodesy is the science of determining the size, shape, and gravitational field of the Earth and the precise positioning of points on its surface. It involves measuring the Earth's geometrical shape, rotation, and gravity field. There are three main types of geodesy: geometrical geodesy concerns coordinate systems and locations on Earth, physical geodesy determines the gravity field and establishes heights, and satellite geodesy uses orbiting satellites to obtain geodetic data. Historically, Eratosthenes first estimated the circumference of Earth in the 3rd century BC and his calculation was quite accurate. Later, models of the oblate spheroid Earth were developed by Newton and Huygens based on measurements and the

Uploaded by

Gokul Dev
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© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

WELCOME

GEODESY
• GEODESY
GEO : EARTH
DAISIA : DIVIDE
“DIVIDING THE EARTH”

• GEODESY IS THE SCIENCE OF DETERMINATION OF


SIZE , SHAPE OF THE EARTH AND THE EXACT
POSITIONS OF POINTS ON ITS SURFACE AND
WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF VARIATIONS OF ITS
GRAVITY FIELD.
TYPES OF GEODESY
 GEOMETRICAL GEODESY IS CONCERNED WITH
DESCRIBING LOCATIONS IN TERMS OF
[Link],COORDINATE SYSTEMS
ARE ONE OF THE PRIMARY PRODUCTS OF
GEOMETRICAL GEODESY.

 PHYSICAL GEODESY IS CONCERNED WITH


DETERMINING THE EARTH’S GRAVITY FIELD,WHICH
IS NECESSARY FOR ESTABLISHING HEIGHTS.
 SATELLITE GEODESY IS CONCERNED WITH USING
ORBITING SATELLITES TO OBTAIN DATA FOR
GEODETIC PURPOSES.
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
 ERATOSTETHENS MEASURED THE ANGLE OF SUN
RAYS BETWEEN ALEXANDRIA AND SYENE [EGYPT].

 OBSERVED THAT ON THE DAY OF THE SOLISTICE,


THE MIDDAY SUN SHONE TO THE BOTTOM OF A
WELL IN THE ANCIENT EGYPTIAN CITY OF SYENE.

 HE KNEW THAT AT THE SAME TIME, THE SUN WAS


NOT DIRECTLY OVERHEAD AT
ALEXANDRIA;INSTEAD IT CAST A SHADOW WITH
THE VERTICAL EQUAL TO 1/50TH OF A CIRCLE(7°12’).
 HE ALSO KNEW THAT ALEXANDRIA AND SYENE
WERE 500 MILES APART.

 TO THESE OBSERVATIONS ,ERATOSTHENES


CONCLUDED THAT THE CIRCUMFERENCE OF THE
EARTH WAS 50*50 MILES OR 25000 MILES.

 THE ACCEPTED VALUE ALONG THE EQUATOR IS


24902 MILES AND THROUGH THE POLES THE VALUE
IS 24860 MLES.
 ERATOSTHENE'S CONCLUSIONS WERE HIGHLY
REGARDED AT THE TIME, AND HIS ESTIMATE OF
THE EARTH’S SIZE WAS ACCEPTED FOR
HUNDDREDS OF YEARS AFTERWARDS.
 SPHERICAL MODEL OF EARTH.
 J RICHER FROM HIS EXPERIMENT TO DETERMINE
MARTIAN PARALLAXES AND ON THE BASIS OF
LAW OF PENDULUM INFER THAT GRAVITY
INCREASES FROM EQUATOR TO POLES.

 ISSAC NEWTON AND CHRISTIAN HUYGENS


DEVELOPED EARTH MODEL FLATTENED AT THE
POLES.

 ELLIPSOIDAL EARTH MODEL : f=(a-b)/a


 AN ELLIPSOIDAL EARTH MODEL IS NO LONGER
TENABLE AT A HIGH LEVEL OF ACCURACCY DUE
TO DEVIATION OF THE PHYSICAL
MEASUREMENTS VERTICALLY.

 F R HELMERT, MADE THE DEFLECTION ARE TAKEN


INTO ACCOUNT IN THE COMPUTATION WITH
ELLIPSOIDAL PARAMETERS.

 THREE DIMENTIONAL CONCEPT OF GEODESY


INTRODUCED-EARTH IS IN GEOID.
 ELLIPSOID AND GEOID
 GEOID HEIGHT MEASUREMENT
LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE
 LINES OF LATITUDE ARE CALLED PARALLELS.

 LINES OF LONGITUDE ARE CALLED MERIDIAN.


COORDINATE SYSTEMS
 ANY SET OF NUMBERS USUALLY IN
SETS OF TWO OR THREE USED TO
DETERMINE LOCATIONS RELATIVE
TO OTHER LOCATIONS IN TWO OR
THREE DIMENSIONS.
IMPORTANCE OF GRAVITY FIELDS
 EXTERNAL GRAVITY FIELD IS THE REFERANCE
SYSTEM MEASURING QUANTITIES IN GEODESY.

 SHAPE OF THE EARTH MAY BE DETERMINED WITH


SURFACE GRAVITY.

 REFERENCE POINT FOR HEIGHT MEASUREMENTS OF


GEOID.

 CHARACTERISTICS OF INTERNAL EARTH


STRUCTURE.
THANK YOU

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