Outline
□ Evolution of Telecommunications
□ Simple Telephone Communication
□ Basics of a Switching System
□ Switching Systems
Terminology
■ Subscriber ■ Control functions
■ Source ■ Step-by-step
■ Destination ■ Crossbar systems
■ Signaling ■ Stored program
■ Point-to-point link control (SPC)
■ Fully connected ■ Space division
networks switching
■ Switching system, ■ Time division
switching office, switching
exchange ■ Trunk
■ Subscriber line
Terminology
■ Simplex ■ Nonblocking Network
communication ■ Blocking Network
■ Half-duplex ■ Blocking Probability
communication ■ Busy time traffic
■ Full-duplex ■ Erlang
communication ■ Transit exchange
■ Sidetone ■ Nonfolded network
■ Inlets/Outlets
■ Subscriber loop
■ Switching Network signaling
■ Folded network ■ Interexchange signaling
■ Intraexchange or
register signaling
1.1 Evolution of Telecommunications
□ Telegraphy, 1837, Great Britain
□ Telephony, 1876, Bell
□ Point-to-point connection
The number of subscribers supported : 2
1.1 Evolution of Telecommunications
□Full connected network
Number of subscribers: N
Number of links:N(N-1)/2
Cost Efficiency: low(expensive)
1.1 Evolution of Telecommunications
□Subscriber interconnection using a
switching system
Number of subscribers:
Switching System N
Number of links:
N
Cost Efficiency:
high(cheap)
S1 S2 SN-1 SN
1.1 Evolution of Telecommunications
□Classification of switching systems
Switching system
manual automatic
Electromechanical Electronic
Step-by-step Crossbar
Space division switching Time division switching
Digital Analog
1.1 Evolution of Telecommunications
□Telecommunication network structure
SS1 SS2
Trunks
SS3 SS4
Subscriber Trunks
lines
1.1 Evolution of Telecommunications
□ Communication systems
■ Electrical communication system
➢ Wired or Wireless
■ Optical communication system
➢ Wired or Wireless
□ Links between network nodes
■ Trunks
■ Subscriber lines
■ Each link deploys some kind of
communication technology
1.1 Evolution of Telecommunications
□ Service Specific Networks
■ Telegraph networks
■ Telex networks
■ Telephone networks
■ Data networks
1.2 Simple Telephone Communication
□ Simplex telephone circuit
Microphone Earphone
L
V
1.2 Simple Telephone Communication
□ Duplex telephone circuit
Microphone Earphone
L
Earphone V Microphone
1.3 Basics of Switching System
Trunk Trunk
Interface Interface
Subscriber Switching Subscriber J
U
Line Line
Network N
Interface Interface C
Service Service T
O
Circuit Circuit R
Interface Interface s
Subscriber
Trunk
And
Circuit
Service Control Scanning
Line
And
Scanning
Distributor
And
Operator Console Units
Distributor
1.3 Basics of Switching System
□ Model of a Switching network
■ Switching network is a component of the
switching system
■ Elements of a switching network
Symmetric network: N Switching M
N=M Inlets Matrix/Network Outlets
■ Function: Establish a electrical path
between a given inlet/outlet pair
1.3 Basics of Switching System
□ Inlets/outlets connections
I ncomin Outgoi g
g n s
Trunks Trunk
Switching
Matrix/Network
S ubscribe Subscri er
r Inlets b s
Outlet
1.3 Basics of Switching System
N Switching
Subscriber Matrix/Network
Lines
1.3 Basics of Switching System
N Switching N
Incoming Matrix/Network Outgoing
Trunks Trunks
1.3 Basics of Switching System
1.3 Basics of Switching System
□ Control Subsystem
■ Distinguish the relationship between
inlets/outlets and subscribers/trunks
■ Interpret the signaling information received
■ Sense the end of information transfer
■ Establish / release connections
1.3 Basics of Switching System
□ Signaling
■ Function: help exchanges to establish
connections between subscribers
correctly.
■ Category
□ Subscriber loop signaling
□ Interexchange signaling
□ Intraexchange or register signaling
1.4 Switching Systems
□Manual switching system
1.4 Switching Systems
□Step-by-step & Crossbar
1.4 Switching Systems
1.4 Switching Systems
□ATM Switch
1.4 Switching Systems
□Optical Switch
1.4 Switching Systems
□ Router