SOSC2:
GENERAL
PSYCHOLOGY
Prepared by:
Camille Faye J. Elcano, RPm
Topics
• Introduction to Psychology
• Genetics and Human Development
• Biological Foundations of Behavior
• The Sensory Systems
• Perception and Consciousness
• Learning, Remembering and Forgetting
• Intelligence, Thinking and Language
• Motivation
• Emotion
• Stress, Health and Coping
• Abnormal Psychology and Forms of
Therapy
• Personality and Personality Assessment
• Social Psychology
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
TO PSYCHOLOGY
Origin of Psychology
• Is defined as the scientific
study of the human behavior of
living organism, with special
attention to human behavior.
• The science seeking to
describe, understand and
predict the behavior of an
organism.
• A science that deals with the
study of mind and behavior.
• Psychology is a science that
gathers facts systematically,
organizes them into general
principles and formulates
theories out of these factual
data.
BEHAVIOR
As defined
psychologically,
refers to actions or
activities of the
individual.
CLASSIFICATION
OF
BEHAVIOR
CLASSIFICATION OF
BEHAVIOR
OVERT Obviously
manifested action,
activities and
behavior.
COVERT Hidden or those
actions,
activities and
behavior not
visible to the
naked eye.
CLASSIFICATION OF
BEHAVIOR
CONSCIOUS Acts within the
level of one’s
awareness.
UNCONSCIOUS Acts that deeply
embedded in one’s
subconscious,
unaware actions.
CLASSIFICATION OF
BEHAVIOR
SIMPLE Behavior that
involves only few
neurons.
COMPLEX Complicated and
involves more
number of neurons.
CLASSIFICATION OF
BEHAVIOR
RATIONAL Exercised with
sanity or reason.
IRRATIONAL Committed for no
apparent reason or
explanation.
CLASSIFICATION OF
BEHAVIOR
Voluntary Done with full
volition, will and
control.
Involuntary Process within our
body that go even
while we are
asleep or awake
without our
control or
manipulation.
GOALS OF PSYCHOLOGY
•DESCRIBE
•EXPLAIN
•PREDICT
•CONTROL
BIRTH AND GROWTH OF
PSYCHOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
• WILHELM WUNDT
▫ Establishes the first research
laboratory at the University
of Leipzig in Germany.
▫ “Physiological Psychology”
An interest in the new
field grew, and other great
people took various
approaches to their
researches……
A.
HISTORICAL
APPROACHES
1. STRUCTURALISM
• 1879
• Wilhelm Wundt
• Edward B. Titchener
The study of what makes up
consciousness
STRUCTURALISM
• 3 elements that form the structure
of consciousness
SENSATION
IMAGES
FEELINGS
STRUCTURALISM
• METHODS USED:
• introspection and experiment
• Introspection
▫ A method of inward-looking
▫ Self-assessment
2. FUNCTIONALISM
• 1894
• -John Dewey
• -James Angell
• -William James
Focuses on the function of
consciousness rather than the
structure of content.
FUNCTIONALISM
• William James
▫ Remembering , thinking,
feeling and learning serves
one major function:
That is to help the individual
to adapt to the environment and
survive as a species
FUNCTIONALISM
• John Dewey
▫ Stimulus and Response are not
separate entities
STIMULUS RESPONSE
FUNCTIONALISM
• James Angell
▫ Mind and body act as unit to
enable the organism to survive
and to adapt to the
surroundings
3. GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY
• 1912
• Max Wertheimer
• Kurt Koffka
• Wolfgang Kohler
“The whole experience is
qualitatively different from the
sum of the distinct elements of
that experience”
GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY
• Gestalt means: unified
whole
▫ Let’s try this…
You noticed that I am
“madaldal and bibo” in your
class. You might infer that
I am _________.
GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY
• However, you cannot be sure
that I am an extrovert based
from that behavior only,
because there are still lot of
characteristics that I possess
aside from being “madaldal and
bibo”. Some behavior only occur
based on the situation.
GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY
• Psychology should study not
only specific behaviors but
also how this pieces fit
together to create meaningful
wholes or organization of
experience.
B.
CONTEMPORARY
APPROACHES
1. PSYCHOANALYTIC
(PSYCHODYNAMIC)
PSYCHOLOGY
• Sigmund Freud - Psychoanalysis
• Carl Jung - Analytical Psychology
• Alfred Adler – Individual Psychology
• Karen Horney – Psychoanalytic Social
Psychology
• Melanie Klein – Object-Relations Theory
1. PSYCHOANALYTIC
(PSYCHODYNAMIC)
PSYCHOLOGY
Sigmund Freud
▫ 3 Provinces of the mind
Id
Ego
Superego
Sigmund Freud
▫ Levels of Consciousness
Conscious
Preconscious
Unconscious
Sigmund Freud
▫ Psychosexual Stages
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital
DEFENSE MECHANISMS
1. REGRESSION
2. REPRESSION
3. INTROJECTION
4. PROJECTION
5. REACTION FORMATION
6. DENIAL
7. DISPLACEMENT
8. SUBLIMATION
9. FIXATION
Carl Jung
ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY
• Archetypes
▫ Shadow
▫ Anima
▫ Animus
▫ Great Mother
▫ Wise Old Man
▫ Hero
▫ Self
▫ Persona
Reference: Feist J. and Feist G. Theories of Personality, 2008
Alfred Adler
• Individual Psychology
• Social Interest
• Inferiority
• Striving for Success vs. Striving
for Superiority
Karen Horney
• Neurotic Trends
▫ Moving toward people
▫ Moving away from people
▫ Moving against people
Melanie Klein
• GOOD BREAST
• BAD BREAST
2. Behavioral Psychology
John B. Watson
• Overt behavior is plainly visible
• Behaviorism – focuses only on overt behavior
• “Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It”
Behavioral Psychology
• 1. Ivan Pavlov
▫ Conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus
Unconditioned Response
Conditioned Stimulus
Conditioned Response
▫ Dog, Meat, Bell & Salivation
B.F Skinner
• Functional Analysis of Behavior
• ABC’s of Psychology
Antecedent Condition
Behavioral Response
Consequences
3. Biological Approach
Biological Approach
• 1. Biopsychology
▫ (Physiological Psychology)
▫ Understanding the function of the
nervous system
Johannes Muller
• “Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies”
• All nerves carry the same basic message – an
electrical impulse.
• Belief that the mind is not aware of the physical
world directly, but of states of the nervous
system.
• Sensory nerves specific to different senses.
▫ Suggests regional brain specialization
Paul Broca
• Studied patients with difficulty in speaking
• Posthumous examination indicated lesions in
the third frontal convolution
▫ Broca’s Area
• Broca’s Area – part of the brain that is important
for putting words together to form sentences;
problem in this part can lead to Broca’s Aphasia
Luigi Galvani
• Electronic stimulation to examine the workings
of the brain.
• Galvanism – theory of electricity creating muscle
contractions in bodies
▫ Accident in frog legs and electricity
Hermann von Helmholtz
• Measured the speed of nerve
conduction.
▫ Ex. Speed of man’s recognition in color,
sound, taste and smell.
4. Humanistic Approach
4. Humanistic Approach
• Also called as Phenomenological
Approach
• “We choose who we become”
Carl Rogers
• Person – Centered Theory
▫ Self – Actualization
▫ Ideal Self and Self Image
▫ Conditions of Worth
▫ Unconditional Positive Regard
▫ Fully-Functioning Person
▫ Incongruent Person
Rollo May
• Man’s search for meaning and purpose in life.
• Dasein
• Umwelt, Mitwelt and Eigenwelt
• Forms of Love
▫ Sex
▫ Eros
▫ Philia
▫ Agape
Abraham Maslow
• Hierarchy of Needs
• Self – Actualization
5. Cognitive Approach
5. Cognitive Approach
• Focuses on the mental processing of information
• Information Processing
▫ Perception
▫ Memory
▫ Imagery
▫ Concept Formation
▫ Problem Solving
▫ Reasoning
▫ Decision-making
▫ Language
Jean Piaget
• Cognitive Development
▫ Sensorimotor Stage
▫ Pre-Operational Stage
▫ Concrete Operational Stage
▫ Formal Operational Stage
6. Sociocultural Approach
6. Sociocultural Approach
• “How might you be different if you had
been born male instead of female?”
• “Would your personality be different if you
had been born in an extremely well-to-do
family?
7. Positive Psychology
Positive Psychology
• Aristotle’s good life.
• Aesthetic Rapture
• Signature Strengths of Man
• Man is basically of good character.
APPROACH WHAT INFLUENCES SAMPLE QUESTION
BEHAVIOR? ASKED
Psychoanalytic Unconscious motives How have my experiences
(Psychodynamic) influences our behavior; of rejection affected the way
early infantile experiences I relate with people?
shapes personality
Behavioral Environmental conditions How does the child learn to
and rewards/punishment dislike school?
Humanistic Man has potentials to Why should I believe I can
improve and actualize finish my studies?
himself. His behavior and
attitudes are a matter of
choice.
APPROACH WHAT INFLUENCES SAMPLE QUESTION
BEHAVIOR? ASKED
Cognitive The way we process, store Can worrying about the
and retrieve information distant future help me deal
influences our behavior. with my present problems?
Positive ideas attracts
positive actions.
Biological Biological Factors rule our Are there genes that make
behavior people more aggressive.
Sociocultural Culture, gender and Can mixed marriages work
socioeconomic status well?
influence our behavior
Positive Psychology Man has a choice in finding What makes people happy?
ways to live optimally
CAREERS IN PSYCHOLOGY
• Clinical Psychology
• Counseling Psychology
• Biological Psychology
• Social Psychology
• Personality Psychology
• Educational and School Psychology
• Cognitive Psychology
• Developmental Psychology
• Industrial / Organizational Psychology
• Quantitative Psychology
• Sports Psychology
• Environmental Psychology
• Engineering Psychology
• Forensic Psychology
Quiz # 2
1. Who is the founder of behavioral psychology?
2. He is the proponent of Person-Centered
Theory.
3. Humanistic approach is also called as
_______________.
4. It is a contemporary approach in psychology
that believes in the goodness of all people.
5. He is the behaviorist who had an experiment to
a dog using bell and food.
6. He is the proponent of the hierarchy of needs.
7 – 10. Enumerate the ABC’s of Psychology
11. He is the behaviorist who did an experiment in
a rat using a box with a lever, food dispenser and
water dispenser inside.
12. Who proposed the cognitive development
theory?
13. What occurs when the ideal self and self image
is very different from each other?
14. Third frontal convolution is also called as
___________.
15. A problem in the Third frontal Convolution is
called as ____________.
16. It is the contemporary approach that focuses
on the mental processing of an individual.
17. He focused on the biological approach in
psychology wherein he believes that there is an
electric impulse in the brain of an individual.
18. He is the proponent of Galvanism.
19. He measured the speed of nerve conduction of
human.
20. It is a contemporary approach that focuses on
the social environment and cultural
belongingness as a determinant of a man’s
behavior.
QUIZ1
1 – 3. Stucturalism believes that there are three elements
of consciousness. Enumerate those 3 elements.
4. WHOLE > sum of its part
5 – 9. Enumerate the psychosexual stages of Sigmund
Freud
10. It is a method of inward-looking of self assessment
11. He proposed the Analytical Psychology
12. He founded the first ever Psychology Laboratory in
Leipzig, Germany.
13 – 16. 4 Goals of Psychology
17 – 26. classifications of Behavior
27 – 30. Defense mechanisms
ANSWERS