Project in Science
Reported by:
Rishayla Rolyn D. Casison & John Alfred
Lachica
Rocks
• A rock is a naturally occuring material composed of
one or more minerals.
• Rocks are generally of three kinds:
• Igneous
• Metamorphic
• Sedimentary
• Each of the three kinds of rocks may be transformed
from one type to another.
• Rock cycle-process that involves the tranformation of
one rock type to another.
• Several process involved in the rock cycle:
• Cooling Heating
• Melting Pressure
• Weathering Compaction
• Erosion Cementation
• Weathering- the breakdown of a big rock material
into smaller components.
• Erosion- the process by which rock or soil is removed
from its original location via the action
• of an agent such as wind, water, or certain
organisms.
The Rock Cycle
• One rock type may be transformed from one type
of rock to another. This transformation if rock is
called the rock cycle.
Sedimentary rocks- may be converted to
metamorphic rocks through the process of heating,
pressure, and chemical reactions.
• Metamorphic rocks- may undergo melting through
heat and be converted to magma, which is the
molten rock material. Magma may cool and solidify
to form igneous rocks.
• Igneous rocks- may undergo weathering and
erosion to form sediments. Whem sediments
undergo compaction and cementation, also known
as lithification, they become sedimentary rocks
again. This completes one cycle.
• Rocks changes may take different paths. Igneous
rocks may be exposed to high temperature,
pressure, and chemical reactions to form
metamorphic rocks.
• Igneous rocks rocks that came from cooled and
solidified molten rock materials called magma.
• Majority of magma is composed of silicate, which
contains silicon.
• Majority of silicates are oxides, which contains
oxygen.
• Igneous rocks may or may not involve
crystallization.
• Intrusive igneous rocks or plutonic rocks are
formed from crystallizatikn of magma.
• Extrusive or volcanic igneous rocks are formed
from lava released by volcanoes during eruption.
• Plutonic or Intrusive Igneous Rocks
• -Formed from magma that cools and solidifies
within the crust of earth.
• -These rocks are usually surrounded by preexisting
rocks known as country rocks.
• Country rocks
• -These rocks are coarse grained as a result of the slow
cooling of magma. The particles that make up these
rocks may be identified with the naked eye.
• The common minerals found in intrusive igneous rocks
or quartz and feldspar.
• Granite- the most abundant plutonic igneous rock.
• Volcanic or Extrusive Igneous Rocks
• -These rocks are usually formed from magma from
erupting volcanoes.
• -Their major difference with other igneous rocks is
that they come out of a volcanic activity.
• The dominant chemicals that are present in
volcanic rocks are feldspar, muscovite, olivine, and
pyroxene.
• Sedimentary Rocks
• Formed from consolidation and precipitation of
weathered, decayed, and disintegrated pieces of other
rocks such as igneous rocks.
• Sedimentary rockas are formed:
• Cementation
• Compaction
• Particles of sedimentary rocks are usually called
sediments, which are naturally occuring small particles
of other materials.
• Three General Forms of Sedimentary rocks:
• Clastic sedimentary rocks- include conglomerate,
sandstone, and shale. They are formed from the
mechanical weathering debris.
• Chemical sedimentary rocks- include rick salt and
limestone. Limestones forms when dissolbed
materials settle and precipitate from solution.
• Organic sedimentary rocks- invlude coal and some
vatiants of limestone. This type of
• sedimentary rocks forms from the accumulation of
plant and animal debris.
• Metamorphic Rocks
• Rocks formed through metamorphism.
• Metamorphism is the process of changing mineral
composition in preexisting rocks called protoliths
without melting into magma.
Types of Metamophism
• Contact metamorphism
• Results from high temperature exposurr assiciated
with very hot such as magma coming in contact
with rocks.
• Regional metamorphism
• Happens in a big are.
• Most events of regional metamorphism are
accompanied by deformation.
• This results in metamorphic rocks that are
• strongly foliated (with layers), such as slate, schist,
and gneiss.
• Cataclastic metamorphism
• Happens as a result of mechanical deformation.
• In the process, heat is generated by friction of
mobing tectonic plates (large sections of crust) sliding
past each other.
• Rocks may pulverized and crushed due to friction.
• Hydrothermal metamorphism
• When rocks are altered at high temperatures and
mkderate pressures by hot water fluids.
• This type of rock is common in basaltic rocks.
• It results in the alteration to magnesium-iron-rich
minerals such as talc, chlorite, zeolite, and other
clay minerals.
• Rich ore deposits are formed as a result of this type
of metamorphism.
• Shock or impact metamorphism
• When an extraterrestial body such as meteorite or comet
reaches Earth's surface.
• It may also be through a very large volcanic explosion
exerting very high pressure to rocks.
Only minerals that are stable at very high pressure are
produced.
Shatter cone, coesite and stishovite are some of the
examples of rocks formed in this type of metamorphism.
Questions!!!
• [Link] is the naturally occuring material composed
of one or more minerals?
• [Link] four examples of process involved in the
rock cycle.
• [Link] of a big rock material into smaller
components.
• 6. These rocks are formed from magma that cools
and solidifies within the crust of Earth.
• 7. It may undergo weathering and erosion to form
sediments.
• 8-9. Give two general forms of sedimentary rocks.
• 10. Give one type of metamorphism.
Answers!!!!
• 1. Rock
• 2.-[Link]
Melting weathering erosion heating lressyre
compaction.
[Link]
[Link] or Intrusive Igneous Rock.
[Link] rocks
8. Clastic sedimentary rocks/chemical sedimentary
[Link] sedimentary rocks.
• 10. Hydrothermal Metamorphism
• Contact
• Regional
• Cataclastic
• Shick or impact