Chapter 5: TCP/IP and OSI

Business Data Communications, 5e

 What is a Protocol?
• Allows entities (i.e. application programs)
from different systems to communicate
• Shared conventions for communicating
information are called protocols
• Includes syntax, semantics, and timing
Why Use Protocol Architecture?
• Data communications requires complex
procedures
– Sender identifies data path/receiver
– Systems negotiate preparedness
– Applications negotiate preparedness
– Translation of file formats
• For all tasks to occur, high level of
cooperation is required
 Modular Approach
• Breaks complex tasks into subtasks
• Each module handles specific subset of
tasks
• Communication occurs
– between different modules on the same system
– between similar modules on different systems
 Advantages of Modularity
• Easier application development
• Network can change without all programs
being modified
 Three-Layer Model
• Distributed data communications involves three
primary components:
– Networks
– Computers
– Applications
• Three corresponding layers
– Network access layer
– Transport layer
– Application layer
 Network Access Layer
• Concerned with exchange of data between
computer and network
• Includes addressing, routing, prioritizing,
etc
• Different networks require different
software at this layer
• Example: X.25 standard for network access
procedures on packet-switching networks
 Transport Layer
• Concerned with reliable transfer of
information between applications
• Independent of the nature of the
application
• Includes aspects like flow control and error
checking
 Application Layer
• Logic needed to support various
applications
• Each type of application (file transfer,
remote access) requires different software
on this layer
 Addressing
• Each computer on a network requires a
unique address on that network
• Each application requires a unique address
within the computer to allow support for
multiple applications (service access
points, or SAP)
 Data Transmission
• Application layer creates data block
• Transport layer appends header to create PDU
(protocol data unit)
– Destination SAP, Sequence #, Error-Detection Code
• Network layer appends another header
– Destination computer, facilities (e.g. “priority”)
• See figure 4.5 in the book
Simplified Architecture
Protocol Architecture Operation
 Standardized Protocol
Architectures
• Vendors like standards because they make their
products more marketable
• Customers like standards because they enable
products from different vendors to interoperate
• Two protocol standards are well-known:
– TCP/IP: widely implemented
– OSI: less used, but widely known and still useful for
modeling/conceptualizing
 TCP/IP
• Transmission Control • Identifies 5 Layers
Protocol/Internet – Application
Protocol – Host-to-Host
• Developed by (transport)
DARPA – Internet
– Network Access
• No official protocol
– Physical
standard
 TCP/IP Physical Layer
• Physical interface between a DTE (e.g.
computer or terminal) and a transmission
medium
• Specifies:
– Characteristics of medium
– Nature of signals
– Data rate
 TCP/IP Network Access
• Exchange of data between systems on a
shared network
• Utilizes address of host and destination
• Can also prioritize transmission
• Software at this layer depends on network
(e.g. X.25 vs. Ethernet)
• Segregation means that no other software
needs to be concerned about net specifics
 TCP/IP Internet Layer
• An Internet is an interconnection of two or more
networks
• Internet layer handles tasks similar to network
access layer, but between networks rather than
between nodes on a network
• Uses IP for addressing and routing across
networks
• Implemented in workstations and routers
 TCP/IP Transport Layer
• Also called host-to-host layer
• Reliable exchange of data between
applications
• Uses TCP protocols for transmission
 TCP/IP Application Layer
• Logic needed to support variety of
applications
• Separate module supports each type of
application (e.g. file transfer)
 TCP & UDP
• Most TCP/IP applications use TCP for transport
layer
• TCP provides a connection (logical association)
between two entities to regulate flow check errors
• UDP (User Datagram Protocol) does not
maintain a connection, and therefore does not
guarantee delivery, preserve sequences, or protect
against duplication
 IP and IPv6
• IP provides for 32-bit source and
destination addresses
• IPv6 (1996 standard) provides for 128-bit
addresses
• Migraqtion to IPv6 will be a very slow
process
 TCP/IP Applications
• SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
– Basic e-mail facility, transferring messages among
hosts
• FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
– Sends files from one system to another on user
command
• Telnet
– Remote login capability, allowing a user to emulate a
terminal on the remote system
 Internetworking
• Interconnected networks, usually implies
TCP/IP
• Can appear to users as a single large
network
• The global Internet is the largest example,
but intranets and extranets are also
examples
 Routers
• Equipment used to interconnect
independent networks
• Several essential functions
– Provide a link between networks
– Provide routing and delivery of data between
processes on systems from different networks
– Provide the above functions without requiring
modification of the attached networks
 Router Issues
• Addressing schemes
• Maximum packet size
• Interfaces
• Reliability
 TCP Segment (TCP PDU)
• Source port (16 bits) • Window (16 bits)
• Destination port (16 bits) • Checksum (16 bits)
• Sequence number (32 bits)
• Urgent Pointer (16
• Acknowledgment number
bits)
(32 bits)
• Data Offset (4 bits) • Options (variable)
• Reserved (6 bits)
• Flags (6 bits) : URG, ACK, PSH, RST, SYN, FIN
 IPv4 Header
• Version (4 bits) • Time to Live (8 bits)
• Internet header length (4 • Protocol (8 bits
bits) • Header Checksum (16 bits)
• Type of Service (8 bits) • Source Address ( 32 bits)
• Total Length (16 bits) • Destination Address (32
• Identification (16 bits) bits)
• Flags (3 bits • Options (variable)
• Fragment Offset (13 bits) • Padding (variable)
 Why Study OSI?
• Still an excellent model for
conceptualizing and understanding
protocol architectures
• Key points:
– Modular
– Hierarchical
– Boundaries between layers=interfaces
 OSI
• Open Systems • Application
Interconnection • Presentation
• Session
• Developed by ISO • Transport
• Network
• Contains seven layers • Data Link
(see page 358)
• Physical
 OSI Lower Layers
• Physical
• Data Link
• Network
 OSI Physical Layer
• Responsible for transmission of bits
• Always implemented through hardware
• Encompasses mechanical, electrical, and
functional interfaces
• e.g. RS-232
 OSI Data Link Layer
• Responsible for error-free, reliable
transmission of data
• Flow control, error correction
• e.g. HDLC
 OSI Network Layer
• Responsible for routing of messages
through network
• Concerned with type of switching used
(circuit v. packet)
• Handles routing between networks, as well
as through packet-switching networks
 OSI Upper Layers
• Transport
• Session
• Presentation
• Application
 OSI Transport Layer
• Isolates messages from lower and upper
layers
• Breaks down message size
• Monitors quality of communications
channel
• Selects most efficient communication
service necessary for a given transmission
 OSI Session Layer
• Establishes logical connections between
systems
• Manages log-ons, password exchange, log-
offs
• Terminates connection at end of session
 OSI Presentation Layer
• Provides format and code conversion
services
• Examples
– File conversion from ASCII to EBDIC
– Invoking character sequences to generate bold,
italics, etc on a printer
 OSI Application Layer
• Provides access to network for end-user
• User’s capabilities are determined by what
items are available on this layer
TCP/IP - OSI Comparison