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Separation Methods
Ways to separate mixtures – Chapter 3: Matter
& Its Properties
+ How do we separate …? 2
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Separating Mixtures
Substances in a mixture are physically combined, so
processes bases on differences in physical properties are
used to separate component
Numerous techniques have been developed to separate
mixtures to study components
• Filtration 4
• Chromatography
• Centrifuging
• Evaporating
• Crystallization
• Dissolving
• Decantation
• Sieving
• Flotation
• Physical Means
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Filtration
Used to separate heterogeneous mixtures
composed of solids and liquids
Uses a porous barrier to separate the solid
from the liquid
Liquid passes through leaving the solid in the
filter paper
Filtration can be used
to separate an
insoluble substance
from a soluble
substance
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Distillation
Used to separate
homogeneous mixtures
Based on differences in
boiling points of substances
involved
Evaporation can
be used to
separate a solute
from the solvent
in a solution
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Crystallization
Separation technique that results in
the formation of pure solid
particles from a solution containing
the dissolved substance
As one substance evaporates, the
dissolved substance comes out of
solution and collects as crystals
Produces highly pure solids
Rocky candy is an example of this
+ Centrifuging 11
•Centrifuges rotate containers of 12
liquids to separate suspended
materials with different densities.
•Centrifuges separate different
components of human blood or milk and to
clarify solutions. A high speed separator
can rotate at great speed to separate fat
(cream) from milk.
•The spin drier in washing machines is a
type of centrifuge that throws out the
liquid by the "centrifugal force" of the
rotation.
A magnet
Canbe used to separate a magnetic
substance from a non-magnetic substance
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Chromatography
Separates components of a mixture based
on ability of each component to be drawn
across the surface of another material
Mixture is usually liquid and is usually
drawn across chromatography paper
Separation occurs because various
components travel at different rates
Components with strongest attraction for
paper travel the slowest
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• Chromatography ( colour writing) is
used to separate small amounts of
chemicals so that they can be
analysed.
• Different substances or different
components move at different speeds
through a strip of wet paper a gel or a
gas.
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Decantation
Decanting is done to separate
particulates from a liquid by
allowing the solids to settle to
the bottom of the mixture and
pouring off the particle-free
part of the liquid. Another
method is to allow two
immiscible liquids to separate
and the lighter liquid is
poured off.
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Sieving
a porous material is used to separate particles of different sizes.
method is most commonly used to effect gross separations, as of liquids
from suspended crystals or other solids.
to accelerate filtration, pressure usually is applied.
a series of sieves is stacked, with the screen of largest hole size at the top