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Fluid Mechanics Units and Equations

This document provides an overview of fluid mechanics concepts and definitions. It includes examples of common units used to measure volume flow rate, mass flow rate, pressure, force, energy, power, and viscosity. Dimensional analysis is performed on equations related to hydrostatic pressure, including proving the hydrostatic equation is dimensionally homogeneous. Primary dimensions are identified for various terms including kinetic pressure, torque, power, and the Weber number. Finally, dimensional homogeneity is proved for the equation relating power to mass flow rate, gravitational constant, and pump head.

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diego lopez
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165 views17 pages

Fluid Mechanics Units and Equations

This document provides an overview of fluid mechanics concepts and definitions. It includes examples of common units used to measure volume flow rate, mass flow rate, pressure, force, energy, power, and viscosity. Dimensional analysis is performed on equations related to hydrostatic pressure, including proving the hydrostatic equation is dimensionally homogeneous. Primary dimensions are identified for various terms including kinetic pressure, torque, power, and the Weber number. Finally, dimensional homogeneity is proved for the equation relating power to mass flow rate, gravitational constant, and pump head.

Uploaded by

diego lopez
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

ENGINEERING FLUID MECHANICS

CROWE, ELGER, WILLIAMS AND


ROBERSO

CHAPTER 1
1. For each variable below, list three common units.
.
a. Volume flow rate (Q), mass flow rate (m) and pressure (p).
b. Force, energy, power.
c. Viscosity.
Answer:
a. - Volume flow rate (Q)
𝐦𝟑 Τ𝐬 , 𝐟𝐭 𝟑 Τ𝐬 , 𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐬Τ𝐬
- Mass flow rate (m)
𝐤𝐠Τ𝐬 , 𝐬𝐥𝐮𝐠𝐬Τ𝐬 , 𝐥𝐛𝐦Τ𝐬
- Pressure (P)
𝐤𝐠Τ𝐬 , 𝐬𝐥𝐮𝐠𝐬Τ𝐬 , 𝐥𝐛𝐦Τ𝐬
b. - Force
𝐤𝐠 ∙ 𝐦Τ𝐬𝟐 , 𝐍𝐞𝐰𝐭𝐨𝐧, 𝐥𝐛 ∙ 𝐟𝐭Τ𝐬𝟐
- Energy
Joule or 𝐍 ∙ 𝐦 (𝐒𝐈), 𝐁𝐓𝐔 or ft ∙ 𝐥𝐛𝐟 (English)
- Power
N ∙ 𝐦Τ𝐬 or 𝐉Τ𝐬 (SI), 𝐟𝐭 ∙ 𝐥𝐛𝐟Τ𝐬 or 𝐁𝐓𝐔Τ𝐬 (English)
c. - Viscosity
𝐍 ∙ 𝐬 𝐥𝐛𝐟 ∙ 𝐬
, 𝟐 , Poise
𝐦𝟐 𝐟𝐭
2. In Table F.2, find the hydrostatic equation. For each form of the
equation that appears, list the name, symbol, and primary dimensions
of each variable.
Answer:
Equation 1:

𝑝1 𝑝2
+ 𝑧1 = + 𝑧2 = constant
𝛾 𝛾
𝐌
𝐩𝟏 (Initial Pressure) =
𝐋𝐓 𝟐
𝐳𝟏 (Initial Elevation) = L
𝐌
𝛄 (Specific Weight) =
𝐋𝟐 𝐓 𝟐
𝐌
𝐩𝟐 (Final Pressure) =
𝐋𝐓 𝟐
𝐳𝟐 (Final Elevation) = L
Equation 2:

𝑝𝑧 = 𝑝1 + 𝑦𝑧1 = 𝑝2 + 𝑦𝑧2 = constant


𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝐌
𝐩𝐳 (Piezometric Pressure) = =
𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐋𝐓 𝟐
𝐌
𝐩𝟏 (Initial Pressure) =
𝐋𝐓 𝟐
𝐌
𝛄 (Specific Weight) =
𝐋𝟐 𝐓 𝟐
𝐳𝟏 (Initial Elevation) = L
𝐌
𝐩𝟐 (Final Pressure) =
𝐋𝐓 𝟐
𝐳𝟐 (Final Elevation) = L
Equation 3:

∆𝑝 = −𝛾∆𝑧
𝐌
∆𝐩 (change in pressure) =
𝐋𝐓 𝟐
𝐌
𝛄 (specific weight) =
𝐋𝟐 𝐓 𝟐
∆𝐳 (change in elevation) = L
3. For each of the following units, list the primary dimensions: kWh,
poise, slug, cfm, cSt.
Answer:

𝐌𝐋𝟐
kWh = 𝟐
𝐓
𝐌
poise =
𝐋𝐓
slug = M
𝐋𝟑
cfm =
𝐓
𝐋𝟐
cst =
𝐓
4. The hydrostatic equation is 𝑝Τ𝛾 + 𝑧 = 𝐶 where p is pressure, 𝛾 is
specific weight, z is elevation, and C is a constant. Prove that the
hydrostatic equation is dimensionally homogeneous.
Answer:

Given:
𝑝
+z=C
𝛾
Pressure = p
Specific weight = 𝛾
Elevation = z
Constant = C

M
[p] =
LT2
M
[γ] =
L2 T2
[z] = L
p M L2 T2
[ + z] = × +L
γ LT2 M
=L+L
= 2L

For dimesionally homogeneouos, the constant C need to have


𝐩
the same primary dimensions as either or z. Here the primary
𝛄
dimension of C and z are the same. Thus the hydrostatic equation is
dimensionally homogeneouos.
5. Find the primary dimensions of each of the following terms.
a. (𝑝𝑉 2 )Τ2(kinetic pressure), where 𝜌 is fluid density and V is velocity.
b. T (torque).
c. P (power).
d. (𝑝𝑉 2 𝐿)Τ𝜎 (Weber number), where 𝜌 is fluid density, V is velocity, L is
length, and 𝜎 is surface tension.
Answer:
ρV2
a.) kinetic pressure = ( )
2
M
where, ρ =
L3
L2
V2 =
T2
ρV2 M L2 1
= [ 3] [ 2] [ ]
2 L T 2
𝐌
=
𝟐𝐋𝐓 𝟐
b.) Torque, T = force × radius
ML
T= ×L
T2
𝐌𝐋𝟐
=
𝐓𝟐
c.) Power, P = force × velocity
ML L
P= ×
T2 T
𝐌𝐋𝟐
=
𝐓𝟑
𝜌𝑉 2 𝐿
d.) Weber number,
𝜎
M
ρ=
L3
L2
V2 =
T2
L=L
𝑀
𝜎=
𝑇2
𝜌𝑉 2 𝐿 M L2 𝑇2
= [ 3] [ 2] [L] [ ]
𝜎 L T 𝑀
= [-]
The convention symbol [-] is used to indicate primary dimensions of a
dimensionless group cancel out.
.
6. The power
. provided by a centrifugal pump is given by P = mgh
where m is mass flow rate, g is the gravitational constant, and h is
pump head. Prove that this equation is dimensionally homogeneous.
Answer:
Power, P = mgh
M
Mass flow rate, m =
T
L
Acceleration due to gravity, g =
T2
Pump head, h = L

Primary dimension of power:


P = force × velocity
ML L
= ×
LT2 T
𝐌𝐋
P = 𝟑
𝐓
Thus,
M L
mgh = ( ) ( 2 ) (L)
T T
𝐌𝐋𝟐
mgh =
𝐓𝟑

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